Download 1. Introduction

Month/Month year
GALILEAN ELECTRODYNAMICS
1
Secrets of the Energy Conservation Law
Phillip M. Kanarev
Department of Theoretical Mechanics, The Kuban State Agrarian University
13 Kalinina St., 350044 Krasnodar, RUSSIA
e-mail: [email protected]
Preservation laws of all kinds are the main laws of Nature. Mankind has added to them certain new
preservation laws, concerning conservation of physical quantities. The history of science convincingly testifies
that natural laws of preservation are authentic and eternal, but human laws of conservation are sometimes erroneous [1].
1. Introduction
Human beings aspiring to learn about the world surrounding
them have made many formulations of scientific representations
of the world. History shows that representations about energy
have been very prominent. The abundance of different kinds of
energy demanded comparison of their sizes. As a result, there
were units of measure for the various kinds of energy that allowed one to compare their quantities. There were devices for
measurement of quantity of energy. The electric power meter
appeared the most widespread, as it measured the quantity of
the electric energy used by a person throughout a lifetime.
For more than 100 years, meters of electric power were believed to correctly assess the expense for this power, and scientists in all countries of the world approved the reliability and
correctness of the computed expense. The Law of Conservation
of Energy was the criterion for the reliability of this assessment.
This LAW denied the possibility of any increase in electric energy going to its consumers connected to the electric power meter.
So any contradictions in the indications of the various devices
supervising the meters of the electric power were just ignored.
But over time, some scientists who were devoting their lives
to the search for scientific truths noticed such contradictions.
They could not reconcile the contradictions between indications
of various meters monitoring consumption of electric energy. So
the scientists and engineers must have made some fundamental
physical and/or mathematical error, the essence of which has
remained unclear for more than 100 years. Below we will describe the essence of the likely error.
P 
1
T
T
T
0
0
 
U (t ) d t  I (t ) d t
(1)
This formula is mathematically faultless, but only under the condition of continuity of voltage U and current I .
For constant voltage and a current Eq. (1) simplifies to:
P U I .
(2)
The result of calculation under this formula coincides with the
indications of all devices. In this case, no contradictions in indications of devices are present. They appear only if the electric
power is consumed as impulses.
It was believed that all counters of the electric power precisely measure the quantity of electric energy transferred to the consumer under any law: sinusoidal, chaotic, or pulse. The algorithm put in the counter of the electric power, follows from
mathematical model (1). If the electric power moves to the consumer continuously, the formula (1) reflects a reality.
When the electric power moves to the consumer as impulses
with the porosity equal to the relation of duration of the period
T of giving of impulses to duration of an impulse  ( S  T /  )
mathematicians, using graphic-analytic method of the decision of
Eq. (1) have led to its simple form presented at the end of Eq. (3).
2. The Energy Conservation Law
From the first moment of its application, and up to the present time, the greater part of electric energy has been generated
in the form of continuous voltage and current. This continuity is
assumed in algorithms for electric power meters, and in electronic programs of electric devices figuring the expense of the electric
power. For pulse use of electric energy, mathematics developed
a graphic-analytic method for its account in which there has been
committed a global physical and mathematical error. We will
demonstrate the essence of this error, and support the demonstration theoretically and experimentally.
The size of electric power follows the well-known formula
PC 
T
T
0
0
 
U (t ) dt  I (t ) dt  PS  U A  I A S I
(3)
For more than 100 years, all experts believed that the final part of
the formula (3) correctly reflects average size of the electric power realized by impulses. We will check this by the analysis of impulses of voltage and current, removed from accumulator plugs.
To understand physical process of formation of average size
of the pulse electric capacity realized by the accumulator, we will
2
Kanarev: Energy Conservation
analyze the oscillogram that has been removed from its plugs
(Fig. 1).
Vol. ?, No. ?
amplitude of voltage U A . This negation is hidden that the amplitude of voltage in final expression of the formula (3) does not
change the size in the range of the period T .
For more than 100 years, we have convinced ourselves that at
pulse current consumption, only the current size changes. Mathematical this change registers as I A / S . It is average size I C of
a current. Note that I C  I A / S means that the current impulse
will stretch so that its average size I C operates, as though continuously, during all period T , turning from vertically located
rectangle with lasting a horizontal rectangle with duration of the
period T
and amplitude I C (Fig. 1).
This procedure corre-
sponds to the system SI that demands continuous participation
of a current in formation of average size of pulse capacity PC (3).
It is easy to see that the old law (3), with formations of average pulse size for electric capacity, dexterously fools us. In it,
voltage operates with continuously all peak size U A in the
Figure 1. Oscillogram of impulses of voltage V A and current I A , taken from accumulator of plugs.
Old Law:
PC  U A  I A / S
(3)
New Law:
PS  U A  I A / S 2
(4)
We want to describe the pulse cost, or pulse current consumption. Let the pulse duration be  , and periodicity of their
repetition be T . The concept porosity S of the impulses is
equal to the relation of duration of the period of formation of
impulses to duration of impulses. That is, S  T /  (Fig. 1).
Loading joins at the moment designated by a letter A (Fig. 1).
It is well visible, as during this moment the rated voltage on accumulator plugs decreases to peak size U A (Fig. 1). Simultaneously, there is a current with amplitude I A . The duration of
impulses  of current and voltage are identical. At the point B
of giving voltage to the consumer, it is disconnected. Also, amplitudes of voltage and a current take zero values (Fig. 1).
For more than 100 years, nobody paid attention to the fact
that, after de-energizing the source of voltage to the consumer at
point B, the voltage on the accumulator plugs is restored to nominal size. This means that the expense of the electric power from
the accumulator stops. The duration of absence of the expense of
the electric power at the accumulator is equal to the difference
between duration T of the period of giving of impulses to the
consumer and duration of an impulse  ; that is, (T  ) (Fig. 1).
At point C, giving of voltage to the consumer also the rated voltage on accumulator plugs again joins again decreases to working
peak size U A . At once there is also a current with former amplitude I A .
So, at the pulse expense of the electric power periodicity of
change of duration  of amplitudes of voltage U A and the identical current I A . But the old law of formation of average size of
pulse capacity (3) denies evidence of periodicity of change of
range of all period T and the impression is made that it corresponds to SI system and consequently correctly.
This false academic representation has been trusted for more
than 100 years. What is the essence of this false representation?
We look attentively at the oscillogram, and we see that the peak
size U A of voltage operates only in the range of duration  of
an impulse and for voltage and a current that is in the range
from a point A to a point B (Fig. 1). After point B, the voltage
from the accumulator stops. The proof of this is the increase of
point B to point C voltage on plugs of the accumulator to nominal size. As a result, in the range from point B to point C, to an
equal time interval T   , the accumulator does not spend the
energy. The old mathematical model (3) of the law of conservation of energy convinces us of the return. From that it follows
that the peak size U A of voltage operates, not in the range of
duration of an impulse  , but in the range of the whole period
T .
This appreciable error remained 100 years not noticed. Now
we clearly see that for performance of requirements of system of
SI, we are obliged to arrive with amplitude of voltage the same
as and with amplitude of a current, that is the amplitude U A of
voltage should be divided into porosity S of impulses (Fig. 1).
It will mean that the vertical rectangular impulse of voltage with
amplitude U A and with duration  will turn in horizontal –
with amplitude U C  U A / S and the duration equal to duration
of all period that corresponds to the requirement of system of SI
(Fig. 1).
So, described convincingly proves that the real average size
of pulse capacity is equal to product of average values of amplitudes of voltage
UC  U A / S
(5)
and a current
IC  I A / S
;
(6)
that is, Eq. (4):
PC  U C  I C  U A  I A S 2 .
(4)
Month/Month year
GALILEAN ELECTRODYNAMICS
As a result, there exists the mathematical model (4) of the new
law of formation of average size of pulse electric capacity that
reflects reality (Fig. 1).
The simplicity of the logic described for the analysis of the
oscillogram that has been removed from plugs of the accumulator, the feeding consumer voltage, and current impulses, is understandable to schoolboys. But, surprisingly, academicians of
all the world have not understood it for more than 100 years.
We will now present results of the experiments proving an
inaccuracy of the academic representations about formation of
average size of pulse electric capacity. The pulse electromotorgenerator invented in Russia is used for this purpose. It can
work in the mode of the electromotor, and in an electromotorgenerator mode, making the additional electric power (Fig. 2).
3
E AK  18.0  0.3  2  3600  38880..J oules .
The average size of pulse electric capacity which was realized
by accumulators within three hours, is equal
PAK  38880 3  3600  3.60 Watts
.
Electromotor-generator MG-2 (Fig. 2) has worked in a mode
of a serial discharge of one accumulator, and a gymnastics of
another, and feeding in a electrolyzer for 3 hours and 10
minutes. In this time, voltage on plugs of accumulators has fallen 0.3 V (Table 1).
This means that an electromotor-generator winding, upon receiving an impulse of induction from the primary power supply,
transfers it to a stator by winding at rotor rotation. When communication with the primary power supply in windings of the
rotor and stator is stopped, the impulses of self-induction are
interrupted. One of them can be used as a feed electrolyzer, and
the second can be used for additional charge to the second accumulator. So there is an additional electric energy that feeds the
electrolyzer and recharges the accumulator, edding of the falling
voltage on its plugs (Table 1).
Table 1 shows a discharge of the accumulators feeding MG-2
which fed electrolyzer and an energy part returned to accumulators within 3 hours of 10 minutes.
number of accumulators initial voltage, V
(8)
For 3 hours and 10 minutes, 8.57 litres of hydrogen were received. The specific capacity realized by accumulators on reception of hydrogen, has made 3.60/8.57=0.42Watt/liter of hydrogen. It, approximately, in 10 times is less than the capacity realised at industrial technology of reception of hydrogen from water.
Devices have fixed average size of voltage and average size
of a current. As a result the average size of capacity, under indications of devices, has appeared equal to
PCC  U CC  I C  12, 30  3, 08  37, 88 Watts ,
Figure 2. Pulse electromotor-generator MG-2, motorcycle
accumulators 6MTC-9 and a cell of electrolyzer.
(7)
(9)
And specific capacity on hydrogen reception – 4.42 Wt/liter,
that is in 10 times more the real specific capacity realized by accumulators at their discharge.
Let us describe more detailed work MG-2. The initial impulse of voltage transferred from a primary energy source in a
winding of excitation of a rotor (Fig. 3a), gives rise in it an impulse 1 an induction (Fig. 3b) which is transferred in a winding
stator at rapprochement of magnetic poles of a rotor and stator,
and gives rise in a winding of stator to an impulse an induction.
At the moment of stopping delivery of the electric power, in
the winding of excitation of the rotor in it, the impulse 3 a selfinduction (Fig. 3b) is born. The similar impulse 4 a selfinduction is born and in a winding of stator during the moment,
cancellation of an impulse 2 an induction in its winding.
Figure 3a. Recuperation motor-generator MG-2
final voltage, V
2 (discharge)
12.28
12.00
2 (discharge)
12.33
12.00
Table 1.
Considering the electric capacity of each accumulator equal
18Ah, and power failure on their plugs, equal 0.30V, we have
quantity of the energy lost by accumulators
Figure 3b. Scheme of impulses of an induction and a self-induction.
So one impulse of voltage (Fig. 3b) the primary energy
source, submitted to a winding of excitation of a rotor, gives rise
to three additional impulses 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 3b). The impulse 2
an induction in a winding of stator, is formed by the magnetic
4
Kanarev: Energy Conservation
field of its core induced by a magnetic pole of a rotor at its rapprochement with a magnetic pole of stator.
Impulses 3 and 4 a self-induction are born in windings of a
rotor and stator at the moment of switching-off of the primary
power supply (Figs. 3a and 3b).
So one entrance impulse of voltage from the primary power
supply, 1, gives rise to three target-working impulses, 2, 3 and 4.
The impulse of an induction of stator participates in rotor rotation, but it can give and additional loading. 3 a self-induction,
born in a rotor winding, it is possible to return an impulse to a
primary energy source (to the accumulator or the condenser) for
its gymnastics. The impulse 4 a self-induction stator goes to the
consumer - electrolyzer, for example (Fig. 2).
In oscillogram processing (Fig. 4), removed from plugs of accumulators, it is established that the generator rotor did 1800
revolutions per minute.
The average size of amplitude of an impulse of the voltage
Vol. ?, No. ?
Specific capacity on reception of hydrogen with the help of
recuperation motor-generator MG-1 has made 0.046 Wt/litre of
hydrogen. It is 100 times less than the specific capacity realized
on plants of reception of hydrogen from water.
The presented proof of an inaccuracy of the law of conservation of energy demands working out of universal counters of the
electric power which correctly would consider its continuous
and pulse consumption.
U C  11.0V which have been removed from plugs of the accumulator, equaled, and the average size of amplitude of an impulse of a current was equal I C  4.40 A . The porosity of im-
Figure 5.
pulses of voltage and current are, approximately, identical and
equal S  3.67 (Fig. 4).
When there will be such counters electric heating batteries
with pulse heating elements will reduce expenses of the electric
power for heating in 30 … 50 times.
On Fig. 6, the experimental radiator which heating element
ate impulses of voltage with the amplitudes equal U A  1000V
and impulses of a current I A  150 A at porosity of impulses,
equal S  100 is presented.
Figure 4. The oscillogram that has been takenfrom plugs of
the accumulator
The size of capacity realized by the accumulators feeding
MG-2, following of the oscillogram, and according to the old
law of formation of average size of pulse capacity, has appeared
as:
PCC  U A  I A S  11.00  4.40 3.67  13.19 Wt .
(10)
The new law (4) formations of average size of electric pulse
capacity has given the same size (8) what was lost by the accumulators discharged for 3 hours of 10 minutes on 0.3 Volt.
P U I
S 2  11  10  4.4 3.67 2  3.63 Wt
C
A A
.
(11)
Certainly, this is proof enough of an inaccuracy of the human
law of Conservation of energy, but we have decided to strengthen reliability of this proof and have made additional experiment
with pulse electromotor-generator MG-1 (Fig. 5). It lasted continuously 72 hours. In this time voltage on plugs of accumulators has fallen on 0.7В. This is convincing proof of the presence
of recuperation properties in pulse electromotors-generators.
Figure 6. The scheme of experiment of a pulse food of a radiator
The electric power counter showed average capacity, about
equal 1500 Wt, and devices of the highest class of the accuracy,
the batteries connected to plugs, showed U C  10V
and
I C  1.5 A or PC  10 1.5  15Wt , that is in 100 times there is
less than electric power counter. It follows from this that old
counters of the electric power – the main barrier of its economy.
The reason, increases in the capacity realized by the pulse
consumer of the electric power – its inability correctly to consider
average size of pulse voltage.
Conclusion
Working out of pulse electromotor - generator was financed
by the Russian state. It also has stopped this financing three
years ago for unknown reason.
Month/Month year
GALILEAN ELECTRODYNAMICS
In a subsequent article, theoretical and experimental secrets
of the natural law of preservation of the kinetic moment will be
opened.
[.3.]
Information sources
[.1.]
[.2.]
Kanarev F.M. Microcosm. A personal scientific site.
http://www.micro-world.su/ It is in the lead in the world by
quantity of visitings. Every days him visit about 400 scientists from
the different countries of the world.
Kanarev F.M. The general physics. The textbook.
[.4.]
5
http://www.micro-world.su/index.php/2013-09-12-04-46-36/11772014-10-29-17-44-18
Kanarev F. M. Physics of a microcosm. The textbook.
http://www.micro-world.su/index.php/2013-09-12-04-46-36/9762013-09-12-06-10-49
Kanarev F.M. Examination of fundamental sciences. The textbook
on interdisciplinary knowledge.
http://www.micro-world.su/index.php/2013-09-12-04-46-36/11622014-08-26-13-42-13