Download Units 2 - Learnings Towards Technology

Units 2
EQUIMENT CALIBRATION
2.1 Understand the operation of total station
Geodesy and Total station
Area of a science, techniques and the manufacture, that are dealing with developing tools
and methods of measurements, and also methods of calculations of mutual and spatial
position of objects, parameters of the Earth and its objects and change of these
parameters in time.
Disciplines of geodesy
A. Theoretical geodesy, physical geodesy - is engaged in development of theories
and methods of definitions of a figure of the Earth (its form and the sizes), an
external gravitational field and their changes in time, using astronomic-geodetic,
gravitational , satellite and other measurements of high accuracy;
B. Spheroid (al) geodesy, geodesy on the ellipsoid -studies geometry terrestrial
ellipsoid, methods of the decision of geodetic problems on its surface and in
three-dimensional space, the theory of its display on sphere, and also displays to
planes with the purpose of introduction of flat rectangular coordinates
C. Basic geodetic survey - Studies means and methods of precision geodetic
measurements, and also methods of mathematical processing of results of
measurements with the purpose of construction and fastening on district of
scheduled and high-altitude state geodetic networks (these three disciplines
traditionally make the maintenance of the global geodesy - geodetic survey(ing),
higher geodesy, higher survey(ing)).
The next tools are obligated tools for these measurement:
(GPS total station)
D. Celestial geodesy, satellite geodesy, space geodesy - studies questions of use of
supervision of artificial and natural satellites of the Earth for the decision of
scientific and scientific and technical problems GEODESY (GPS total station)
E. Topography- studies tools and methods of geodetic measurements with the
purpose of display of a terrestrial surface on topographical plans and cards;
F. Marine geodesy - Solves problems GEODESY within the World ocean;
G. Applied geodesy, engineering geodesy - studies methods of the geodetic
measurements which are carried out at researches, designing, construction and
operation of engineering constructions, installation of equipment, and also
operation of natural resources;
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
1
The next tools are obligated tools for these measurement:
1. total stations
2. theodolites
3. combined total station and others
J. mining geodesy, mine-survey - branch of GEODESY in a mountain science and
techniques, is engaged in spatially-geometrical measurements in bowels of the Earth and
their display to plans, cards and other documentation. Problems GEODESY solves in
close cooperation with astronomy.
Definitions of Total station
Total station is surveying instrument that combines the angle measuring capabilities of a
theodolite with an EDM capability into a single tool. Total station is usually operated by
a surveyor assisted by a laborer or geodesist who carries the target pole to the points of
detail to be surveyed.Theodolite is instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical
angles by means of a telescope. Robotic total station is a type of 'total station' that is
operated remotely by the surveyor.
Theodolite
It is the geodetic device by means of which measurement of horizontal and vertical
corners on district is made.
By means of a theodolite and level control, using thread a range finder, it is possible to
carry out measurement of distances.
Theodolite is used for measuring angles in triangulation, polygon measurements,
bridging, application geodesy, and astronomo-geodetic measurements.
The theodolite is also being produced and is intended for measuring angles both by
standard and autocollimation methods, in industry when mounting elements and
constructions of machines and mechanisms, for building industrial constructions and
other purposes.
Model is intended for measuring angles in geodetic bridging, application geodesy,
exploration and surveying works, theodolite surveys, on-ground mining surveys etc.
Theodolites are easy and reliable in operation. The compensator on the vertical circle
allows to make rapid and accurate measurements. Differing from foreign analogous the
theodolites permit to carry out works at lower temperatures.
On all theodolites it is possible to mount light range finders of various design The device
can be equipped with geodetic tripod.
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
2
The theodolites are intended for measuring of horizontal and vertical angles and distances
with the help of a crosshair range finder, levelling by means of the telescope level,
determination of magnetic azimuth against the compass.
Advantageous features of theodolites:
- readout is made with the help of the scale microscope,
- detachable support with the built-in optical centering device permitting to work in a
three-tripod way,
- erect image telescope,
- serviceability of the instruments under any climatic conditions,
- light mass.
Due to small size and light weight, ease in operation, rapidity of dial reading, the
theodolites are widely used in construction, agriculture, engineering explorations and
surveys, particularly, in expedition conditions.
The instruments may be completed with geodetic tripod of, built-in optical centering
device and lantern to illuminate the microscope scale.
Optical-mechanical theodolites apply to measurement of corners in a triangulation,
polygonal network, in geodetic networks of a condensation, in applied geodesy, astrogeodetic measurements.
Polygonal network (from Greek polygonos - polygonal), a method of definition of mutual
position of points of a terrestrial surface for construction of a basic geodetic network by
measurement of lengths of the direct lines connecting these points, and horizontal corners
between them.
By means of these devices it is possible to carry out:
Measurements of corners in theodolitic and tachometer courses;
Breakdowns of scheduled and high-altitude survey networks;
Leveling by a horizontal beam by means of a level at a pipe and so forth
Theodolites are executed in ergonomic execution, have the direct image and are reliable
in work. Presence of the equaliser at a vertical circle allows making measurements
quickly and precisely.
On some theodolites it is possible to establish range finders of light of various designs,
and on other theodolites it is possible to establish in addition manual laser range finders
of various designs.
If necessary and to desire of the customer devices can be completed with a geodetic
support, fastening for manual laser range finders, a roulette, etc. Also, on delivered
supports can be established universal the screws allowing fix the device of domestic or
import manufacture.
The laser theodolite is irreplaceable at work in tunnels, underground developments, in
conditions of weak light exposure.
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
3
Theodolites are subdivided on optical and electronic.
Optical theodolites are Theodolites that intendeded for measurement of horizontal and
vertical corners. Electronic theodolites differ from optical theodolites that exception of a
mistake counting as value of corners are deduced on the display. Accuracy of a theodolite
differs from 30 “up to 1 ". Electronic theodolites is modern devices for corners
measurement. At use of electronic theodolites mistakes of removal of readout are
excluded - values of corners are deduced on the display.
Theodolite establish on a support of little table of a geodetic sign, elevating screws and
on a level result a vertical axis in steep position, turns of a pipe about vertical and
horizontal axes direct it at a vised point and make readout on circles. It gives a direction,
and corners receive as a difference of two adjacent directions. In modern theodolites
circles produce from optical glass, diameter of divisions of 6-18 sm, the most common
interval between divisions 20 ' or 10 ', counted as devices serve scaled microscopes with
accuracy calculation1 '-6 ". Optical micrometers with accuracy calculation up to 0,2-0,3".
In 60th 20 century for definition of a direction of a true (geographical) meridian began to
apply so-called girotheodolites and various gyroscopic nozzles on theodolites. The error
of definition of directions makes girotheodolites 5-10 ". Of axial, fixing and directing
devices of goniometric tools demand much. For example, in precision theodolites angular
fluctuations of vertical axes do not exceed 2 ", in tools admissible abnormality of the
form of their pins on which the telescope rotates, makes shares of micron. Fixing devices
should not cause elastic deformations in axial systems and displacement of fixed parts of
the tool during the moment of fastening. Directing devices should carry out rather thin
movings of parts the tool.
Total Station high-efficiency measuring system
The basic characteristics and advantages:
- DR-measurements without a reflector
- A visible laser bunch
- Simplicity in work
- Graphic support
- The protected and easy design
Total Stations are the most important tool for any Professional Surveyor or Construction
Manager in today Fast Paced and Competitive Surveying and Construction Industries.
They are fast, user friendly and efficient. Total Station has Revolutionized Surveying
Forever. The Total Station accurately measures distance, works with heights, angles,
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
4
coordinates, records and stores, or uploads data at unbelievable speeds. The days work
can be planned out on a PC before you venture out on site.
New Developments this decade alone have seen the introduction of one Man Robotic
Systems, 3-D Systems, motorized Total Stations, reflector less or Non Prism Innovations,
and Cutting Edge Automated Machine Control Laser Systems, combined Total Station.
GPS is also on the increase and user friendly software, memory cards and data recorders
make this a very fast and exciting field to be working in. Survey technology is moving
rapidly daily. Some of them is specifically designed for the construction site. They are
very easy to use and impress by a high level of functionality. It requires minimum time to
learn operating.
Combined Total Station advantages
• Receiving and transmitting measured or layout data via digital files increases processing
efficiency
• Read and write errors are eliminated
• Data is saved and managed on a PC
• Designs can be implemented directly from the planning stage
• optionally, 3rd party software can operate Builder RM remotely using the interface
All about GPS Total Station
GPS Total Station has complex technology for understanding. It can be quite easy if you
take it one step at a time. The tutorial is designed to give you a good basic understanding
of the principles of GPS without loading you down with too much technical detail.
GPS Total Station navigators feature is a simple touch screen interface, with automatic
route calculation to any destination and turn-by-turn voice-prompted directions along the
way. Portable color GPS navigation system shows you the way to any destination across
town. It is a plug-and-play portable automotive GPS navigator that features pre-loaded,
detailed maps-right out of the box. People have been testing GPS receivers for years, and
they believe these offer exceptional performance and value for money.
Sensitivity is excellent; there is an integrated backup battery for clock and satellite
ephemeris.South Total Station is one of the leader in Global Positioning System (GPS)
technology and an innovator in consumer electronics.
Repair Manual For Electronic Theodoite Et-02/05 Series
The new ET series electronic theodolite, different from traditional optical theodolite,
amends the prevenient optical structure, replacing the optical disk with raster disk, and
changing optical reading system into electronic reading system..
The new ET series electronic theodolite, has made the following improvements available:
more complete functions, easier operation, more reliable performance, more reasonable
structure and smarter appearance.
Featuring largely in its easy operation and wide practicality, the NTS-320/350 series total
station is applicable for national and urban third/fourth grade triangulation and exact lead
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
5
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
measurement as well as construction surveying of railway, road, bridge, irrigation works,
etc.
Horizontal Axis Unit
The horizontal axis unit includes horizontal axis, its axletree and other sections. The
horizontal axis should be flexibly rotated in its axletree, meantime should be vertical to
the vertical one, and keep unchangeable position when turning. Vertical raster disk is on
the left of horizontal axis, whereas the telescope and optical collimator are on the middle
of it. Regarding the structure, the vertical raster disk must be installed accordingly to
meet the following requirements:
a. the center of the vertical raster disk and the center of the horizontal raster disk must be
positioned at the same point.
b. the reticle board of the vertical raster disk must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
Nomenclature
The electronic theodolite includes telescope, vertical raster disk, horizontal raster disk,
electronic reading system, plate level, vertical axis, horizontal axis, horizontal clamp and
tangent screw, vertical clamp and tangent screw, optical plummet, base and so on.
Telescope Unit
The telescope unit includes three parts: eyepiece, object lens and focuser. The outsidefocusing-style focuser converts its rotation into the slide of inside focusing lens, which
demands cozy and flexible rotation with no block and no sway. The eyepiece unit
consists of eyepiece and reticle board plated with reticle and stadia-line.
Handgrip Unit
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
6
The handgrip unit, convenient for carrying or laying, is fixed on the left and right
brackets with two setscrews.
Sighting Collimator Unit
The two sighting collimator units, for collimating the target at the beginning step, are
fixed on both sides of the EDM cover (coplanar to EDM axis). On the side of the object
lens, there will be plane glass of “+” or “△” type; while on the other side (the side of
eyepiece), there will be a magnifier through which “△”or “+” can be seen distinctly.
Sighting collimator unit and the EDM axis must be coaxal.
Vertical Axis Unit
The vertical axis unit consists of vertical axis, sheath axis, horizontal raster disk, low
cover etc. This unit enables telescope, alidade and horizontal raster disk to rotate
horizontally in a vertical way. Vertical axis unit is a half-athletic cylinder with the
following advantages:
a. With the same parameters, sway degree of vertical axis is much smaller than that of
standard column axis.
b. Vertical axis unit can center automatically with high accuracy.
c. It rotates flexibly and smoothly with small friction torque and high friction
performance.
d. The temperature has little effect on axis and it takes little to grind, which is convenient
for batch production. Vertical axis, sheath axis and horizontal raster disk are on the same
axis structurally, which must remain unchangeable during rotation and must be vertical to
horizontal axis simultaneously.
Vertical Clamp and Tangent Unit
It consists of clamp hand wheel, tangent hand wheel, clamp ring, clamp and tangent
sheath, clamp and tangent filar pole, versatile sheath, etc.
The clamp unit, clamped by the clamp ring, clamp block, and cam block, rotates around
the clamp and tangent filar pole and thus the clamp and tangent hand wheel works on the
same axis.
Horizontal Clamp and Tangent Unit
Its case is just the same as that of vertical clamp and tangent unit. Pass it over here.
Level Unit
a. Plate level
The plate level with protective glass is installed on the alidade bracket and is vertical to
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
7
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
adjustment vertical axis unit. The level is obturated with plaster in the metal tube. There
is a setscrew on the right of the metal base with an adjusting screw which can make the
left of the level rise or fall so as to adjust the plate level axis vertical to vertical axis.
b. Circular level
As a primary leveling one, bubble of circular plate moves to the center directly after plate
level is well adjusted
Battery Box
The battery box of NTS-320/350 series consists of five nickel-hydrogen batteries, which
normal voltage value is between 5.5V and 7V.
Optical Plummet
The focusing device of optical plummet is similar to the inside focusing telescope. Rotate
focusing hand wheel of eyepiece, make reticle in focus, this process is called focusing for
reticle board. Rotate focusing hand wheel in order to make the imaging of target point
that is on the reticle board is in focus, too. In addition, reticle is required to go through
the prism on structure, and should go through the center of the object lens after turning.
Display Unit
The display unit consists of display board, display driver, IC parellel interface, etc.
When being output from parellel interface, characters are sent to computer which exports
signals and transmits instructions to display driver. After receiving address route and
external synchronic signal, display driver acts together with clock SCL, reading in data
from computer and IC, then shows with character.
Analog Unit
The analog unit consists of infrared emitting tube, silicic and optical battery, sine and
cosine circuit, zero setting circuit, etc. When the emitting tube emits optical signal, then
silinic and optical battery receives it and converts it into electrical signal in order to
achieve angle measurement according to working principle of raster signal.
Base and Leveling Screw Unit
Unlock the setscrew of the three-jaw base, discharge alidade and base. Place the
instrument and base on the worktable, then loosen the cap of screw, rotate the nut
clockwise, turn the base upside down, loosen the three brads on the trigonal soleplate
with screwdriver. Hereto, the spare parts such as leveling screw can be cleaned and oiled.
Tilt Sensor Unit
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
8
The tilt sensor consists of tilt sensor and measurement circuit, which is fixed on the right
of main body by two setscrews. It must ensure the reading of vertical disk is 90ْْ and
the plate level is centered when the collimating axis stays horizontal
2.2.2 Temporary Adustremnt of Total station
Adjustment of level :
Adjustments made at each setting of the instrument before taking observations are known
as temporary adjustments.
Temporary Adjustments : includes



Setting up the level
Levelling up
Elimination of parallax
1. Setting up the level : This operation includes fixing the instrument on the tripod
and also approximate levelling by leg adjustment.
2. Levelling up : Accurate levelling is done with the help of foot screws and by
using plate levels. The object of levelling up the instrument is to make its vertical
axis truly vertical.
3. Elimination of parallax : If the image formed by the objective does not lie in the
plane of the cross hairs, there will be a shift in the image due to shift of the eye.
Such displacement of image is termed as parallax. Parallax is removed in two
stages.


Focusing the eye for distinct vision of cross hairs.
Focusing the objective so that image is formed in the plane of cross hairs
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
9
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
10
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
11
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
12
2.2 Procedures of cadastral survey equipment calibration
Calibration is a comparison between measurements - one of known magnitude or
correctness made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a
way as possible with a second device.
Calibration can be defined as a test measuring equipment is carried out to obtain different
readings of the devices tested by the standard. Instructions and procedures for carrying
out this calibration is based on the Circular of the Director General of Survey and
Mapping Malaysia No 3 of 1986 and No. 1 of 2003. Among them are:
(1) In carrying out the measurements, Survey Officer or Licensed Land Surveyor shall
ensure that measuring equipment be calibrated according to the procedures used and the
period prescribed by the department.
(2) The calibration equipment must be approved by the Director of Survey and Mapping,
or the officer authorized by the Director of Survey and Mapping, and kept as a record.
EDM instrument calibration performed to detect systematic errors in addition to ensuring
that the device is working. A maximum allowable error constant is 10mm, if not the tool
should be serviced.
In short, the tool EDM / total station shall undergo the test site calibration of EDM
equipment in accordance with the circumstances and time interval as follows:
(I) once every six (6) months, or
(Ii) after the repair, or
(Iii) upon the replacement of one set of equipment units in the EDM / total station, or
(Iv) in the event of disability due to falls or other, or
(V) the reading distance in the same position are no longer consistent.
Calibration of EDM / Total Station shall be made in the test site in the land of their EDM.
This test site consists of 10 pillars. Pilar is numbered from 1 to 10 have different
distances between them. The standard distance between the pillars were made by using a
high precision by the department and the value stored in the state department.
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
13
Photos: Pillar 1 - Pillar 3
Photos: Pillar 1 - Pillar 10
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
14
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
15
Sample Test Form Calibration EDM / Total Station
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
16
The equipment involved in the testing / calibration is Total Station (1 unit) and prism (2
units). Total Station and prism the equipment to be used during fieldwork later.
EDM Test Based on form, measure the distance from pillar 1 to pillar 2. Total Station
Equipment installed (in the state level) in the pillar 1 and prism A attached (also in the
level of the pillar 2 and pillar mounted prism B 3. The distance from pillar 1 to pillar 2
are taken and recorded in the spaces Horizontal Distance (A). Move prism A to pier 4 and
the distance from pillar 1 to pillar 3 is made and recorded.
Remove prism B pillar 5 and the distance from pillar 1 to pillar 4 is made and recorded.
Remove prism A pillar 6 and the distance to the pillar 1 to pillar 5 is made. Repeat this
process until prism A moved to the pier 10.
Total Station moved to the second pillar, the pillar prism A B at pillar prism 3 and 4.
Distance from pillar to pillar 2 and 3 are recorded. A prism over the pillar 5 and the
distance from pillar to pillar 2 and 4 are recorded. Repeat until the process is installed in
prism B pillar 10. All distance readings to be recorded in the spaces Horizontal Distance
(A).
As the distance (B) is the standard distance of the department will be provided. Get the
original difference (A - B). The sum of all the origin of this difference is divided by the
number of -0063 to the reading distance of 17 times. The result is-0.004m (4mm) is
constant within the limits of the permissible error of ± 10mm. This means that the
equipment is in good condition and does not need to be serviced.
2.2.1 Differential Field Test (DFT)
Conducted at work sites, every new survey. On each day the same work performed, the
meter should measure the last line on the previous day. This measurement is considered
as a testing tool only. If the differences exceed 10 mm, the measuring must carry
'Differential Field Test. " If this test showed that the difference is more than 10mm, use
the tool to be dismissed.
Procedure to implement DFT
1. Planting picket A and B is not less than 50 meters
A________________________________________B
2. Put in the EDM and reflector A (prism) in B
3.Measure the distance AB
4. Planted in C picket lines around the middle of AB
A___________________C___________________B
5.EDM over to C and another pair in the A prism
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
17
6. Measure the distances CA and CB
7. Compare the distance with the distance AB CA + CB
If found to differ more than ± 10mm, EDM is tested it should not be used. It should be
calibrated to ensure that tests whether it is in good condition or needs to be improved
DFT Bookkeeping
Daily Review
Conducted at work sites, each time to start your daily work. Methods, measuring the
distance of any line that has been measured on the previous day. Surveying work may be
continued if the distance is less than 10mm different. If not, the DFT should be carried
out.
Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah
CG102 Cadastral Surveying 1
18