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World War I March Toward War - __3__ factors that led to war o 1.) __nationalism__: the deep feeling of __attachment__ to one’s own __nation__ helped __unify__ people of a country promoted __competition__ between countries by __1900__ there were __6__ rival nations in Europe: 1.) __Germany__ 2.) Austria-Hungary 3.) __Great Britain__ 4.) Russia 5.) __Italy__ 6.) France o 2.) Imperialism France and __Germany__ both sought to control __Africa__ and almost went to war twice over imperial lands Competition over land created __mistrust among countries__ o 3.) Arms race: each country except __Great Britain__ built a large army each country had plans to move their __armies__ quickly if necessary Alliances - - growing rivalry led to the __formation__ of __alliances__ Germany: in __1879__ Germany formed the __Triple Alliance__ with AustriaHungary and __Italy__ and signed a treaty with __Russia__ o Eventually the treaty with Russia __fell apart__ Triple Entente: __Great Britain__, France, __Russia__ The Balkans - June, 1914: Archduke __Franz__ Ferdinand, heir to the throne of __AustriaHungary__ was __assassinated__ in Bosnia by a Serbian Black Hand Member Gavrilo Princip o Austria-Hungary declared war on __Serbia__ o __Russia__ came to Serbia’s defense because Russia had always felt like the “__Big Brother__” of the Balkan countries soon all of Europe would be at war due to the __Alliance System__ Europe Plunges into War - - - Russia mobilized its troops against __Austria-Hungary__ and Germany but did not declare war o Germany soon felt threatened and declared war on __Russia__ o Soon after Germany declared war on __France__, Russia’s ally Germany’s plan for winning the war o Defeat __France__ quickly on its __western__ front, then turn its attention toward __Russia__ on its __eastern__ front (also known as the __Schlieffen__ Plan) To attack France, Germany moved through __Belgium__ which was a neutral country This angered __Great Britain__ so they declared war on Germany France, __Great Britain__, and Russia (and later Italy when they broke with Germany and Austria-Hungary) became known as the __Allies__ Germany, Austria-Hungary (and later __Bulgaria__ and the __Ottoman__ Empire became known as the __Central__ Powers World War I - The Western Front o The war in France was known as the __Western__ o German Forces almost made it to __Paris__ in September __1914__, but France stopped them Both sides dug __deep trenches__ and ran __barbed wire__ in front of it The trenches were __miserable__ Soldiers lived in mud Suffered from lack of __food__ Many were __killed__ or wounded by exploding __shells__ o Generals believed that the war would be won by __large attacks__ by huge __armies__ o When soldiers left the trenches they faced the following: 1.) __machine guns__ 2.) tanks 3.) __poison gas__ 4.) large artillery shells - The Eastern Front o __Russia__ had little success against __Germany__ and Austria-Hungary they could not keep troops __supplied__ because they did not have a fully __industrialized__ economy o Russia did have a __large population__ and a huge army so they were a constant __threat__ to Germany - A Global Conflict o The __Allies__ tried to take part of the Ottoman Empire known as the __Dardanelles__ (also called Gallipoli) in hopes of capturing their capital, __Constantinople__ If the Allies took Constantinople, they believed that could __ship supplies__ to __Russia__ through the Black Sea The Allies __failed__ to capture the Dardanelles o T.E. Lawrence: helped lead an __Arab__ revolt against Ottoman rule Because of his efforts the Allies were able to __capture several cities__ of the Ottoman Empire - Blockade o Britain used their __strong navy__ to block supplies from reaching Germany In response, Germany increased its __submarine__ (or U-boat) attacks on ships that brought __weapons__ and __supplies__ to the Allies o U.S. president __Woodrow Wilson__ and the U.S. public became __angry__ when American ships were sunk Many U.S. citizens died when the Germans sank the __Lusitania__ - The Zimmerman Note o The __British__ intercepted a secret message from Germany to __Mexico__ If offered to help Mexico regain land lost to the __USA__ in the 1840s if Mexico sided with __Germany__ o The Zimmerman Note and the sinking of __American ships__ by German __submarines__ was enough for __the USA__ to declare war on Germany in April __6, 1917__ World War I - Total War o World War I demanded all the __resources__ of the countries that fought it __Governments__ took control of __factories__ and told them what to produce Governments __rationed__ food and other goods, __limiting__ how much people could buy Governments used __propaganda__ to generate support for the war They would __silence__ people who spoke out against the war - The Role of Women o With __men__ away at war, women were needed to work in __factories__, offices, and shops They also built __weapons__ and made clothing o People began to change their __attitudes__ towards the kind of work __women__ could do - 1917 o The __U.S.A.__ entered the war o __Russia__ left the war Russians were tired of __suffering__ and stopped supporting the __czar__ Czar Nicolas _II_: stepped down in __March__ 1917 o The __October__ revolution: __Communists__ seized control of Russia’s government The communists signed a treaty with __Germany__ - 1918 o March: Germany tried one last time to __defeat France__ They almost made it to __Paris__, but the Allies, with the help of the fresh __American Troops__, turned the Germans back o November 11, 1918…….__Armistice__ Day World War I was officially over The __Allies__ were victorious - New Weapons o 1.) __Machine Guns__: fire ammunition automatically o 2.) __Poison Gas__: soldiers used masks to protect themselves o 3.) __Tanks__ armored combat vehicles; first introduced by the __British__ in 1916 at the Battle of the __Somme__ o 4.) __Flamethrowers__: introduced by the Germans in 1914 - Big Names of World War I o 1.) Kaiser Wilhelm II: ruler of __Germany__ during World War I o 2.) Vladimir __Lenin__: communist leader who took power in __Russia__ after the October Revolution o 3.) Woodrow __Wilson__: U.S. president who urged __Congress__ to declare war on __Germany__ and proposed his __14__ Points of Peace for Europe World War I - Major Battles on the Western Front o __Western__ Front: region in __Northern__ France close to where France borders _Germany__ o First Battle of the __Marne__: took place in the __Valley__ of the Marne River The French saved __Paris__ from the Germans o Verdun, __1916__: the Germans launched a massive attack against __France__; each side lost __300,000__ men o Battle of the __Somme__: British forces tried to relieve the __Pressure__ on the French at __Verdun__ __20,000__ British soldiers died in one day - The Legacy of the War o World War I ushered in an era of war on a __grand__ and __global__ scale o Caused death and destruction that have never been seen before o __8.5 million__ soldiers died; __21__ million were wounded an entire __generation__ in Europe was wiped out o The war destroyed __farmland__, homes, and towns Some estimate the war cost __$338 billion__ o The war left a deep mark on __Western__ society Survivors of the war were __disillusioned__ Much of these feelings were reflected in the __art__ and __literature__ of the time - A Flawed Peace o The __Paris__ Peace Conference took place at the __Palace of Versailles__ in January 1919. o The Allies could not agree upon the terms of the peace treaty o The Big __4__ Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Georges _Clemenceau__ (France) David __Lloyd George__ (Great Britain) Vittorio Orlando (__Italy__) - Wilson’s Plan for Peace o __14__ Points: outlined a plan for __just__ and lasting peace 1st four points: end __secret__ treaties, freedom of the __seas__, free trade, and __reduction__ of the size of armies 5th point: readjustment of the __colonies__ of European countries 6th through 13th: suggestions for changing the __borders__ of some countries 14th point: the creation of a general association of nations that would __protect__ all the __nations__ of the world - The Treaty of Versailles o Britain and __France__ did not like Wilson’s 14 Points They wanted to __Punish__ Germany and strip them of its warmaking powers o The compromise Wilson’s __14th__ point was used: The __League__ of Nations was created to promote __peace__ between nations The punishment of Germany: lost __war making power__, limits were set upon the size of its __military__; Germany had to admit to __causing__ the war and had to __pay__ the Allies; Germany lost its overseas __territories__.