Download World War I

World War I
March Toward War
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__3__ factors that led to war
o 1.) __nationalism__: the deep feeling of __attachment__ to one’s own
__nation__
 helped __unify__ people of a country
 promoted __competition__ between countries
 by __1900__ there were __6__ rival nations in Europe:
 1.) __Germany__
 2.) Austria-Hungary
 3.) __Great Britain__
 4.) Russia
 5.) __Italy__
 6.) France
o 2.) Imperialism
 France and __Germany__ both sought to control __Africa__ and
almost went to war twice over imperial lands
 Competition over land created __mistrust among countries__
o 3.) Arms race: each country except __Great Britain__ built a large army
 each country had plans to move their __armies__ quickly if
necessary
Alliances
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growing rivalry led to the __formation__ of __alliances__
Germany: in __1879__ Germany formed the __Triple Alliance__ with AustriaHungary and __Italy__ and signed a treaty with __Russia__
o Eventually the treaty with Russia __fell apart__
Triple Entente: __Great Britain__, France, __Russia__
The Balkans
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June, 1914: Archduke __Franz__ Ferdinand, heir to the throne of __AustriaHungary__ was __assassinated__ in Bosnia by a Serbian Black Hand Member
Gavrilo Princip
o Austria-Hungary declared war on __Serbia__
o __Russia__ came to Serbia’s defense because Russia had always felt like
the “__Big Brother__” of the Balkan countries
 soon all of Europe would be at war due to the
__Alliance System__
Europe Plunges into War
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Russia mobilized its troops against __Austria-Hungary__ and Germany but did
not declare war
o Germany soon felt threatened and declared war on __Russia__
o Soon after Germany declared war on __France__, Russia’s ally
Germany’s plan for winning the war
o Defeat __France__ quickly on its __western__ front, then turn its attention
toward __Russia__ on its __eastern__ front (also known as the
__Schlieffen__ Plan)
 To attack France, Germany moved through __Belgium__ which
was a neutral country
 This angered __Great Britain__ so they declared war on
Germany
France, __Great Britain__, and Russia (and later Italy when they broke with
Germany and Austria-Hungary) became known as the __Allies__
Germany, Austria-Hungary (and later __Bulgaria__ and the __Ottoman__ Empire
became known as the __Central__ Powers
World War I
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The Western Front
o The war in France was known as the __Western__
o German Forces almost made it to __Paris__ in September __1914__, but
France stopped them
 Both sides dug __deep trenches__ and ran __barbed wire__ in
front of it
 The trenches were __miserable__
 Soldiers lived in mud
 Suffered from lack of __food__
 Many were __killed__ or wounded by exploding
__shells__
o Generals believed that the war would be won by __large attacks__ by
huge __armies__
o When soldiers left the trenches they faced the following:
 1.) __machine guns__
 2.) tanks
 3.) __poison gas__
 4.) large artillery shells
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The Eastern Front
o __Russia__ had little success against __Germany__ and Austria-Hungary
 they could not keep troops __supplied__ because they did not have
a fully __industrialized__ economy
o Russia did have a __large population__ and a huge army so they were a
constant __threat__ to Germany
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A Global Conflict
o The __Allies__ tried to take part of the Ottoman Empire known as the
__Dardanelles__ (also called Gallipoli) in hopes of capturing their capital,
__Constantinople__
 If the Allies took Constantinople, they believed that could
__ship supplies__ to __Russia__ through the Black Sea
 The Allies __failed__ to capture the Dardanelles
o T.E. Lawrence: helped lead an __Arab__ revolt against Ottoman rule
 Because of his efforts the Allies were able to
__capture several cities__ of the Ottoman Empire
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Blockade
o Britain used their __strong navy__ to block supplies from reaching
Germany
 In response, Germany increased its __submarine__ (or U-boat)
attacks on ships that brought __weapons__ and __supplies__ to the
Allies
o U.S. president __Woodrow Wilson__ and the U.S. public became
__angry__ when American ships were sunk
 Many U.S. citizens died when the Germans sank the
__Lusitania__
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The Zimmerman Note
o The __British__ intercepted a secret message from Germany to
__Mexico__
 If offered to help Mexico regain land lost to the __USA__ in the
1840s if Mexico sided with __Germany__
o The Zimmerman Note and the sinking of __American ships__ by German
__submarines__ was enough for __the USA__ to declare war on Germany
in April __6, 1917__
World War I
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Total War
o World War I demanded all the __resources__ of the countries that fought
it
 __Governments__ took control of __factories__ and told them
what to produce
 Governments __rationed__ food and other goods, __limiting__
how much people could buy
 Governments used __propaganda__ to generate support for the war
 They would __silence__ people who spoke out against the
war
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The Role of Women
o With __men__ away at war, women were needed to work in
__factories__, offices, and shops
 They also built __weapons__ and made clothing
o People began to change their __attitudes__ towards the kind of work
__women__ could do
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1917
o The __U.S.A.__ entered the war
o __Russia__ left the war
 Russians were tired of __suffering__ and stopped supporting the
__czar__
 Czar Nicolas _II_: stepped down in __March__ 1917
o The __October__ revolution: __Communists__
seized control of Russia’s government
 The communists signed a treaty with
__Germany__
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1918
o March: Germany tried one last time to __defeat France__
 They almost made it to __Paris__, but the Allies, with the help of
the fresh __American Troops__, turned the Germans back
o November 11, 1918…….__Armistice__ Day
 World War I was officially over
 The __Allies__ were victorious
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New Weapons
o 1.) __Machine Guns__: fire ammunition automatically
o 2.) __Poison Gas__: soldiers used masks to protect themselves
o 3.) __Tanks__ armored combat vehicles; first introduced by the
__British__ in 1916 at the Battle of the __Somme__
o 4.) __Flamethrowers__: introduced by the Germans in 1914
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Big Names of World War I
o 1.) Kaiser Wilhelm II: ruler of __Germany__ during World War I
o 2.) Vladimir __Lenin__: communist leader who took power in __Russia__
after the October Revolution
o 3.) Woodrow __Wilson__: U.S. president who urged __Congress__ to
declare war on __Germany__ and proposed his __14__ Points of Peace for
Europe
World War I
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Major Battles on the Western Front
o __Western__ Front: region in __Northern__ France close to where France
borders _Germany__
o First Battle of the __Marne__: took place in the __Valley__ of the Marne
River
 The French saved __Paris__ from the Germans
o Verdun, __1916__: the Germans launched a massive attack against
__France__; each side lost __300,000__ men
o Battle of the __Somme__: British forces tried to relieve the __Pressure__
on the French at __Verdun__
 __20,000__ British soldiers died in one day
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The Legacy of the War
o World War I ushered in an era of war on a __grand__ and __global__
scale
o Caused death and destruction that have never been seen before
o __8.5 million__ soldiers died; __21__ million were wounded
 an entire __generation__ in Europe was wiped out
o The war destroyed __farmland__, homes, and towns
 Some estimate the war cost __$338 billion__
o The war left a deep mark on __Western__ society
 Survivors of the war were __disillusioned__
 Much of these feelings were reflected in the __art__ and
__literature__ of the time
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A Flawed Peace
o The __Paris__ Peace Conference took place at the
__Palace of Versailles__ in January 1919.
o The Allies could not agree upon the terms of the peace treaty
o The Big __4__
 Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
 Georges _Clemenceau__ (France)
 David __Lloyd George__ (Great Britain)
 Vittorio Orlando (__Italy__)
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Wilson’s Plan for Peace
o __14__ Points: outlined a plan for __just__ and lasting peace
 1st four points: end __secret__ treaties, freedom of the __seas__,
free trade, and __reduction__ of the size of armies
 5th point: readjustment of the __colonies__ of European countries
 6th through 13th: suggestions for changing the __borders__ of some
countries
 14th point: the creation of a general association of nations that
would __protect__ all the __nations__ of the world
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The Treaty of Versailles
o Britain and __France__ did not like Wilson’s 14 Points
 They wanted to __Punish__ Germany and strip them of its warmaking powers
o The compromise
 Wilson’s __14th__ point was used: The __League__ of Nations
was created to promote __peace__ between nations
 The punishment of Germany: lost __war making power__, limits
were set upon the size of its __military__; Germany had to admit
to __causing__ the war and had to __pay__ the Allies; Germany
lost its overseas __territories__.