Download Blood - El Camino College

Anatomy 32 Lecture
Chapter 17: Blood
I.
Overview
A. Functions & Major Components of the Circulatory System
B. Composition of Blood
1. Plasma
2. Formed Elements
C. Blood Cell Formation
D. Disorders of Blood
II. Functions of the ________________ System
A. Transportation
1. Respiratory - RBCs pick up ________ from the lungs and takes it to tissue cells for
aerobic respiration. _____ from cellular respiration is carried in blood back to lungs
for elimination.
2.
Nutritive - blood carries digested ______ molecules through the liver to the body’s
cells.
3.
Excretion - metabolic _______, excess water & ions are filtered through kidney
capillaries into tubules and excreted in urine.
4.
Regulatory
a.
Blood carries __________ from endocrine glands and carries them to target
tissues.
b.
c.
Blood ____ is maintained via a buffering system in blood.
___________ is regulated via the blood’s high water content.
B. Protection
1. ____________ mechanisms protect against blood loss
2. Immunity is provided by _____s and some plasma proteins.
III. Major Components of the Circulatory System
A. The ________________ System is subdivided into the
1.
______________ system, which consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
a.
The _______ is a 4-chambered pump that pushes blood in the vessels to the lungs
& body cells.
b.
The adult heart pumps ___-__ L per min. and it takes about one min. for blood to
circulate throughout the body
c.
Blood circulates from heart  ________  __________  ____________ 
___________  _________  heart
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d.
2.
All exchanges of fluid, nutrients, & wastes between blood & tissues occur across
_______________ walls
______________ system, composed of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within
the spleen, thymus, tonsils, & lymph nodes
a.
b.
____________ fluid from blood plasma exits capillary walls
c.
d.
Fluid in lymphatic vessels is called _________
Some of this fluid returns to capillaries and some enters __________ vessels in
connective tissues around capillaries.
_____________ throughout the system cleanse lymph before it returns to the
venous blood
IV. Blood
A. _____________ is the study of blood, blood forming tissues, and their pathology.
B. Blood is a dynamic _________ tissue; it is warm at 38C, has a pH range of 7.35-7.45,
and the body volume ranges from 4-6 liters.
C. __________ consists of:
1. __________ - the watery portion of blood
2. Formed elements - erythrocytes (____), leucocytes (____), and ____________
(thrombocytes) suspended in the plasma
D. Blood _________: watery portion of blood, composes 55% of blood; consists of 90%
______ and 10% solutes. Solutes include:
1.
Plasma __________ - 7% of solutes; 3 major types produced by liver:
a.
__________ (60%) - small protein that makes blood viscous to maintain blood
pressure.
b.
__________ (36%) proteins include  globulin,  globulin (transport lipids), and
gamma globulin (build antibodies)
c.
_____________ (4%) - a protein essential for blood clotting. (___________ is
plasma without clotting factors)
2.
___________ (immunoglobulins) - proteins produced by plasma cells derived from
___ lymphocytes
3.
Other solutes include _______, salts, sugars, lipids, amino acids, ions, wastes,
vitamins, & ____________.
E. Formed _______: blood cells & platelets, compose 45% of blood
1. ___________cytes (RBCs)
a. Mature RBC is an anucleate, biconcave _____, 7-8 m wide.
b. 4-6 mil./cc blood; ____% of all formed elements.
c. Regenerate from _____ bone marrow at rate of 2 mil./sec.
d. Adults have 4.3-5.8 _____. RBCs/mm3 of blood
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e.
Contain Hemoglobin (___) - RBC protein composed of _____ protein consisting
of 2-alpha & 2-beta chains, and 4 ______ groups, each of which contains an
______ ion
1) Hb can combine with oxygen (____hemoglobin) and transport it to cells via the
blood stream, or with
2) CO2 (________hemoglobin) for transport away from cells.
f.
RBC life span is about _____ days, then they are destroyed in the liver & spleen
g. Worn out RBC components are _________:
1) Iron from heme is transported by ____________ protein
2) Iron attaches to ______ protein & stored in liver & muscles
3) Iron is picked up by RBC precursors in bone __________.
4) _______ is converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin, which is secreted in ____ by
the liver, gives color to urine and feces.
2.
_____cytes (WBCs) - 4-11 thousand/cc blood (1%); nucleated, no hemoglobin, live
hrs-years, function in __________. Leukocytes are classified according to their
stained appearance:
a.
b.
_________cytes - have visible granules in their cytoplasm; all are phagocytic.
1) ________phils (60%) - have pale ____ granules, 2-5 lobed nucleus; are
phagocytic, destroy _______ with lysozyme & defensins. Sometimes called
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (______) due to variably shaped nuclei
2) ______phils (3%) - stain ___; 2 nuclear lobes; counteracts effects of
histamine (which increases vascular permeability) in allergic reactions; also
destroy ________
3) _____phils (1%)- stain ___, has S-shaped nucleus; similar to _____ cells that
release histamine in allergic & parasitic reactions, intensifies inflammatory
response.
___________cytes - have no visible cytoplasmic granules.
1) _______cytes (30%) - nucleus takes up most of cell; mediate immune
responses in __________ tissues. Types include:
a) ___ cells - develop into memory cells and _______ cells that secrete
antibodies against antigens (esp. ________)
b) ___ cells - attack fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells.
c) Natural _________ cells attack tumor cells & virus infected cells
2) ____cytes (6%) - largest WBCs; nucleus is oval-horseshoe shaped; develop
into ________________ that phagocytize pathogens.
(Remember by: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
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3.
___________ (thrombocytes) - megakaryocyte fragments that contain many granules
but no nuclei. Functions:
a.
b.
c.
Initiate blood __________
Secrete ________, which stimulates blood vessel constriction
Life span is 5-9 ______.
V. ___________________ - Formation of Blood Cells
A. Blood cells are formed from hematopoietic _______ cells (hemocytoblasts), which
give rise to 5 different -_______ cells (nucleated precursor cells):
1.
2.
Proerythroblasts - become mature _________cytes (RBCs).
3.
Monoblasts - become mature _____cytes (agranular WBCs), which become
phagocytic ________phages.
4.
Lymphoblasts - become mature _________cytes (agranular WBC ___ & ___
lymphocytes, natural killer cells).
5.
Megakaryoblasts - form mature _________ (thrombocytes).
________blasts - become mature neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
(_____________ WBCs).
B. Hematopoeitic _______________ stimulate differentiation & proliferation of the
different blood cells.
1.
Erythropoietin (_____) - hormone produced by kidneys & liver in response to
hypoxia, increases proerythroblasts.
2.
____________ - small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes,
macrophages, and fibroblasts; CSF & Interleukins stimulate WBC formation.
3.
Thrombopoeitin - hormone that stimulates formation of _________.
C. Red Bone _________ (myeloid tissue) - produces RBCs, granular leukocytes, &
platelets.
D. ___________ & Myeloid tissue - produce agranular leukocytes.
VI. Blood ___________
A. _____ disorders
1. __________ - skin is pale due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin; caused by
blood loss, iron deficiency, xs destruction of RBCs, B12 or folic acid deficiency
2.
____________ - excess RBCs in the blood; may be caused by cancer of bone marrow
or genetics; treated by removing some blood
3.
_________ cell disease - inherited condition in which abnormal _________
crystalizes, causing RBCs to become sickle shaped, rigid & fragile; new treatments
allow patients to survive
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B. ___________ - cancer of leukocyte forming cells in bone marrow causes high WBC
count, cancer cells crowd out normal stem cells in marrow; leukemia patients suffer from
anemia, infections, & internal hemorrhaging; treatment includes bone ______ transplant
C. Thrombocytopenia - low number of ________ in blood; results in diminished clot
formation & increased internal bleeding
D. Blood cell ______ are used to determine the percentage of formed elements in the blood
1. Hematocrit (___) is measurement of _____% in whole blood; 38-54% is normal;
less = anemia, greater = polycythemia
2.
3.
A Differential _____ Count counts the number of each WBC type to diagnose
disease
a.
b.
High ______phils from bacterial infection, burns, stress, or inflammation.
c.
d.
e.
High _____phils from allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, or hypothyroidism.
f.
Bone _________ Transplant is used to treat several types of anemia, leukemia,
and other blood disorders.
High _____phils from allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune
disease, or adrenal insufficiency.
High _______cytes from viral infections, immune diseases, or leukemia .
High _____cytes - from viral (e.g.: Epstein-Barr virus) or fungal infections,
tuberculosis, some leukemias & chronic diseases.
Complete Blood Count (____) used to determine RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit,
WBC count, differential WBC count, and platelet count.