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Science Notebook
• What is blood made of, and why is it useful to
our body?
Today’s puzzle
Outside of a room, there are three light
switches. One of the switches is connected to a
light bulb inside the room. Each switch is on or
off. The door is shut so you cannot see the
results of your choices. You are allowed to set
each switch the way you want and then enter
the room but you can enter the room only once.
Your task is to determine which switch controls
the light bulb.
Blood
• Travels kilometers of blood vessels in your
body to reach every single cell
• An adult human has about 5 litres of blood
1 unit = 0.5 L
Blood
• Blood is a fluid that carries gases, nutrients,
and wastes through the body.
• Blood contains four main components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Plasma
• Plasma is the fluid part of the blood
• Contains a mixture of water, minerals,
nutrients, sugars and proteins
• All parts of the blood are found in plasma
Red Blood Cells
• Red Blood Cells take oxygen to every cell in
your body
• Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein
• Hemoglobin attaches onto oxygen when you
inhale
Platelets
• Platelets are tiny particles which help reduce
blood loss
• They only last for 5-10 days in the body
White Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells help keep you healthy by
destroying pathogens and cleaning up
wounds
Body Temperature
• Your blood and blood vessels also help
regulate your body’s temperature
• The blood vessels will enlarge to transfer heat
when you’re too hot
• The blood vessels will shrink to contain heat
in the body when you’re too cold
Control of Body Temperature
Increased
sweating
increases
Temperature
Increased
Larger
Blood
Vessels
Psychological
(seek shade, light
clothing, etc.)
Vaso-dilation
time
Normal
Negative
Feedback *
Normal
temperature
temperature
Temperature
Decreased
decreases
Negative
feedback
Decreased
sweating
Smaller
Blood
Vessels
Shivering
Vasoconstriction
* Negative feedback is defined as “the reverse of a trend”
Positive vs. Negative Feedback
Watch Brainpop Blood and Homeostasis
Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure is the force exerted on the
inside walls of arteries
Blood Types
• A person can only have one of four blood
types: A, B, AB, or O
Blood Types
• Your blood type refers to the type of
chemicals on your red blood cells
• These surface chemicals are called antigens
Blood Types
• Different blood types have different antigens
on their RBCs and different antibodies in their
plasma
Blood Types
• A blood transfusion is the injection of blood
into the body.
Type
Can Receive
Can Donate To
A
A, O
A, AB
B
B, O
B, AB
AB
all
AB only
O
O
all
Blood Types
• During surgery, you must be given the correct
blood type
• Otherwise, your body might mistake a
different type blood as a pathogen
• A reaction to the wrong blood type may be
fatal
Why fatal?
HDN
Rh negative mom and Rh+ fetus will have
mixing of blood at birth
Mom's body creates Rh antibodies unless
she receives a RhoGam shot soon after first
delivery, miscarriage or abortion. In 2nd
child, hemolytic disease of the newborn
may develop causing hemolysis of the fetal
RBCs
Red Blood Cells
1. What are Red Blood Cells covered in?
2. What are the two jobs each Red Blood Cell
does each day?
3. What does haemoglobin turn into? Why?
4. What causes oxyhaemoglobin to “let go”?
5. Do extra red blood cells in the circulatory
system allow you to run faster?
Haemoglobin
(less red)
in lungs
Oxyhaemoglobin
(more red)
Oxygen is released where needed
when the blood turns acidic; when there is lots of CO2
Did you know the facts about
Red Blood Cells
• Mature RBCs contain no nucleus and no mitochondria or other organelles.
Why?
• RBC are cells with a biconcave shape. Why?
– The biconcave shape provides for increased surface area/volume ratio
and flexible shape for narrow passages.
• RBCs contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red
color.
• Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules
• Hemoglobin also acts as a buffer and balances pH of blood
• 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin
• RBCs have an average lifespan of about 120 days.
• Old RBCs are destroyed in the liver and spleen.
• New RBCs enter circulation at 2-3 million/second
Any Blood Disease
For your essay
– Anemia = Not Enough RBCs
– Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA)
– Hemophilia
– Leukemia
Blood Disease
•
•
•
•
Anemia = Not Enough RBCs
Symptoms:
-oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced
-fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness
Types of anemia:
-iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or loss of iron
-pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
-hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)
-hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupture
-thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin
-aplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)
Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA)
-Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes 2 amino acids at low very O2 levels, RBC is deformed
changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC sickle-shaped cells rupture easily = causing anemia & clots
-Found among populations in malaria belt: Mediterranean Europe, sub-Saharan Africa & Asia
-Person with only one sickle cell gene increased resistance to malaria because RBC membranes leak K+ & lowered
levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells
Hemophilia
-Inherited deficiency of clotting factors
bleeding spontaneously or after minor trauma, subcutaneous & intramuscular hemorrhaging, nosebleeds, blood i
urine, articular bleeding & pain
-Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII (males only)most common
-Hemophilia B lacks factor IX (males only)
-Hemophilia C (males & females) less severe because alternate clotting activator exists
Treatment is transfusions of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing clotting factor
Leukemia
-Acute leukemia
uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC
prevents production of RBC & platelets
-Chronic leukemia
accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die
classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic.