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Anatomy 32 Lecture Chapter 17: Blood I. Overview A. Functions & Major Components of the Circulatory System B. Composition of Blood 1. Plasma 2. Formed Elements C. Blood Cell Formation D. Disorders of Blood II. Functions of the ________________ System A. Transportation 1. Respiratory - RBCs pick up ________ from the lungs and takes it to tissue cells for aerobic respiration. _____ from cellular respiration is carried in blood back to lungs for elimination. 2. Nutritive - blood carries digested ______ molecules through the liver to the body’s cells. 3. Excretion - metabolic _______, excess water & ions are filtered through kidney capillaries into tubules and excreted in urine. 4. Regulatory a. Blood carries __________ from endocrine glands and carries them to target tissues. b. c. Blood ____ is maintained via a buffering system in blood. ___________ is regulated via the blood’s high water content. B. Protection 1. ____________ mechanisms protect against blood loss 2. Immunity is provided by _____s and some plasma proteins. III. Major Components of the Circulatory System A. The ________________ System is subdivided into the 1. ______________ system, which consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels. a. The _______ is a 4-chambered pump that pushes blood in the vessels to the lungs & body cells. b. The adult heart pumps ___-__ L per min. and it takes about one min. for blood to circulate throughout the body c. Blood circulates from heart ________ __________ ____________ ___________ _________ heart 2 d. 2. All exchanges of fluid, nutrients, & wastes between blood & tissues occur across _______________ walls ______________ system, composed of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within the spleen, thymus, tonsils, & lymph nodes a. b. ____________ fluid from blood plasma exits capillary walls c. d. Fluid in lymphatic vessels is called _________ Some of this fluid returns to capillaries and some enters __________ vessels in connective tissues around capillaries. _____________ throughout the system cleanse lymph before it returns to the venous blood IV. Blood A. _____________ is the study of blood, blood forming tissues, and their pathology. B. Blood is a dynamic _________ tissue; it is warm at 38C, has a pH range of 7.35-7.45, and the body volume ranges from 4-6 liters. C. __________ consists of: 1. __________ - the watery portion of blood 2. Formed elements - erythrocytes (____), leucocytes (____), and ____________ (thrombocytes) suspended in the plasma D. Blood _________: watery portion of blood, composes 55% of blood; consists of 90% ______ and 10% solutes. Solutes include: 1. Plasma __________ - 7% of solutes; 3 major types produced by liver: a. __________ (60%) - small protein that makes blood viscous to maintain blood pressure. b. __________ (36%) proteins include globulin, globulin (transport lipids), and gamma globulin (build antibodies) c. _____________ (4%) - a protein essential for blood clotting. (___________ is plasma without clotting factors) 2. ___________ (immunoglobulins) - proteins produced by plasma cells derived from ___ lymphocytes 3. Other solutes include _______, salts, sugars, lipids, amino acids, ions, wastes, vitamins, & ____________. E. Formed _______: blood cells & platelets, compose 45% of blood 1. ___________cytes (RBCs) a. Mature RBC is an anucleate, biconcave _____, 7-8 m wide. b. 4-6 mil./cc blood; ____% of all formed elements. c. Regenerate from _____ bone marrow at rate of 2 mil./sec. d. Adults have 4.3-5.8 _____. RBCs/mm3 of blood 3 e. Contain Hemoglobin (___) - RBC protein composed of _____ protein consisting of 2-alpha & 2-beta chains, and 4 ______ groups, each of which contains an ______ ion 1) Hb can combine with oxygen (____hemoglobin) and transport it to cells via the blood stream, or with 2) CO2 (________hemoglobin) for transport away from cells. f. RBC life span is about _____ days, then they are destroyed in the liver & spleen g. Worn out RBC components are _________: 1) Iron from heme is transported by ____________ protein 2) Iron attaches to ______ protein & stored in liver & muscles 3) Iron is picked up by RBC precursors in bone __________. 4) _______ is converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin, which is secreted in ____ by the liver, gives color to urine and feces. 2. _____cytes (WBCs) - 4-11 thousand/cc blood (1%); nucleated, no hemoglobin, live hrs-years, function in __________. Leukocytes are classified according to their stained appearance: a. b. _________cytes - have visible granules in their cytoplasm; all are phagocytic. 1) ________phils (60%) - have pale ____ granules, 2-5 lobed nucleus; are phagocytic, destroy _______ with lysozyme & defensins. Sometimes called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (______) due to variably shaped nuclei 2) ______phils (3%) - stain ___; 2 nuclear lobes; counteracts effects of histamine (which increases vascular permeability) in allergic reactions; also destroy ________ 3) _____phils (1%)- stain ___, has S-shaped nucleus; similar to _____ cells that release histamine in allergic & parasitic reactions, intensifies inflammatory response. ___________cytes - have no visible cytoplasmic granules. 1) _______cytes (30%) - nucleus takes up most of cell; mediate immune responses in __________ tissues. Types include: a) ___ cells - develop into memory cells and _______ cells that secrete antibodies against antigens (esp. ________) b) ___ cells - attack fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells. c) Natural _________ cells attack tumor cells & virus infected cells 2) ____cytes (6%) - largest WBCs; nucleus is oval-horseshoe shaped; develop into ________________ that phagocytize pathogens. (Remember by: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) 4 3. ___________ (thrombocytes) - megakaryocyte fragments that contain many granules but no nuclei. Functions: a. b. c. Initiate blood __________ Secrete ________, which stimulates blood vessel constriction Life span is 5-9 ______. V. ___________________ - Formation of Blood Cells A. Blood cells are formed from hematopoietic _______ cells (hemocytoblasts), which give rise to 5 different -_______ cells (nucleated precursor cells): 1. 2. Proerythroblasts - become mature _________cytes (RBCs). 3. Monoblasts - become mature _____cytes (agranular WBCs), which become phagocytic ________phages. 4. Lymphoblasts - become mature _________cytes (agranular WBC ___ & ___ lymphocytes, natural killer cells). 5. Megakaryoblasts - form mature _________ (thrombocytes). ________blasts - become mature neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (_____________ WBCs). B. Hematopoeitic _______________ stimulate differentiation & proliferation of the different blood cells. 1. Erythropoietin (_____) - hormone produced by kidneys & liver in response to hypoxia, increases proerythroblasts. 2. ____________ - small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts; CSF & Interleukins stimulate WBC formation. 3. Thrombopoeitin - hormone that stimulates formation of _________. C. Red Bone _________ (myeloid tissue) - produces RBCs, granular leukocytes, & platelets. D. ___________ & Myeloid tissue - produce agranular leukocytes. VI. Blood ___________ A. _____ disorders 1. __________ - skin is pale due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, xs destruction of RBCs, B12 or folic acid deficiency 2. ____________ - excess RBCs in the blood; may be caused by cancer of bone marrow or genetics; treated by removing some blood 3. _________ cell disease - inherited condition in which abnormal _________ crystalizes, causing RBCs to become sickle shaped, rigid & fragile; new treatments allow patients to survive 5 B. ___________ - cancer of leukocyte forming cells in bone marrow causes high WBC count, cancer cells crowd out normal stem cells in marrow; leukemia patients suffer from anemia, infections, & internal hemorrhaging; treatment includes bone ______ transplant C. Thrombocytopenia - low number of ________ in blood; results in diminished clot formation & increased internal bleeding D. Blood cell ______ are used to determine the percentage of formed elements in the blood 1. Hematocrit (___) is measurement of _____% in whole blood; 38-54% is normal; less = anemia, greater = polycythemia 2. 3. A Differential _____ Count counts the number of each WBC type to diagnose disease a. b. High ______phils from bacterial infection, burns, stress, or inflammation. c. d. e. High _____phils from allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, or hypothyroidism. f. Bone _________ Transplant is used to treat several types of anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. High _____phils from allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease, or adrenal insufficiency. High _______cytes from viral infections, immune diseases, or leukemia . High _____cytes - from viral (e.g.: Epstein-Barr virus) or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias & chronic diseases. Complete Blood Count (____) used to determine RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC count, differential WBC count, and platelet count.