Download Eukaryotes flashcards

5 Eukaryotes
1. What are the 5 phyla of Eukaryotic
organisms?
2. What structure is used for cellular
locomotion?
3. What structure is used for moving
substances along the surface of a
cell?
4. What is the difference between
flagella and cilia?
5. What type of algae use flagella?
6. What phyla of organisms often have
cilia?
7. What is an example of cilia in the
human?
8. What is the difference between
prokaryote and eukaryote flagella?
9. How are the flagella and cilia
anchored to the plasma membrane?
10. What do they consist of and how are
they arranged?
11. What are microtubules made of?
Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals
Flagella (cilia are also used for locomotion in
some protozoa)
Cilia
Flagella are few and long.
Cilia are many and short
Euglena
Protozoa (like paramecium)
The respiratory tract is lined with cells that have
cilia to move mucous and debris in the bronchial
tubes to clear the lungs
Prokaryotic flagella rotate, but the eukaryotic
flagellum moves in a wavelike manner.
Both flagella and cilia are anchored to the plasma
membrane by a basal body, which consists of 9
pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring, plus
another 2 microtubules in the center of the ring,
an arrangement called a 9 + 2 array.
Microtubules are made up of a protein called
tubulin.
12. Microtubules are made from tubulin
13. 9 pairs + 2 arrangements
14. Do most non-animal eukaryotic cells
have cell walls?
15. What 3 phyla have cellulose in their
cell walls?
16. When would a eukaryotic cell have a
glycocalyx?
17. What is a glycocalyx?
18. Do eukaryotic cells contain
peptidoglycan?
19. Do antibiotics such as penicillin and
cephalosporin affect eukaryotic
cells?
Yes, although they are much more simple than
prokaryotic cells
Algae, fungi, plants
When it has no cell wall and has direct contact
with the environment
A sticky carbohydrate that strengthens the cell
surface, helps attach cells together, and
contributes to cell-cell recognition
No
No, they only act against peptidoglycan, and are
therefore safe for human cells.
1
5 Eukaryotes
20. Is the plasma membrane of a
eukaryotic cell different than that of
a prokaryotic cell?
21. Are all eukaryotic cell plasma
membranes the same?
22. Where do bacteria attach on a cell?
23. What are sterols, and where are they
found?
24. What is the function of sterols?
25. What methods allow for substances to
cross the cell membrane?
26. What is endocytosis?
27. What is it when the cell membrane
projects a pseudopod (false foot),
engulfs a particle to bring it in the cell?
28. Where is cytoplasm located in a cell?
29. What is the thick fluid inside cells
called?
30. Only eukaryotic cytoplasm has a
cytoskeleton, give 2 examples.
31. What is a cytoskeleton?
32. Can cytoskeleton move the entire
cell?
33. What is cytoplasmic streaming?
34. Many of the important enzymes
found in eukaryotes are contained
where?
35. What are organelles?
36. Name the membrane-bound
organelles.
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells is very similar in function and
structure.
No; each cell membrane has different proteins and
carbohydrates, which serve in cell to cell
recognition.
On the proteins and carbohydrates on the cell
membrane.
Complex lipids that are only found in eukaryotic
cells (with the exception of Mycoplasma).
Sterols help the membranes resist lysis from
increased osmotic pressure.
a. diffusion
b. active transport
c. endocytosis
This occurs when a segment of the plasma
membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it, and
brings it into the cell.
Phagocytosis
-Inside the plasma membrane
-Outside the nucleus
Cytosol
-Microfilaments
-Microtubules
It provides support and shape for the cell and
assists in transporting substances through the cell.
Yes, as in phagocytosis
The movement of cytoplasm from one part of the
cell to another to distribute nutrients
Within organelles
Miniature organs inside cells, which are
surrounded by a membrane
Nucleus
ER
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
2
5 Eukaryotes
37. What is the structure in a cell that is
not membrane-bound, and is
therefore not considered to be an
organelle?
38. Name the 4 characteristics of the
nucleus.
39. What is the function of histones?
40. What is chromatin?
Ribosomes
Contains almost all of the cell’s hereditary
information (DNA)
Surrounded by a double membrane called nuclear
envelope
Within nucleus has one or more nucleoli
Contains some protein called histones
They are like spools that DNA wraps around to
organize it
a thread-like mass of dormant DNA.
41. During replication what shortens and Chromatin
thickens in to chromosomes?
42. Do Prokaryotes undergo this
process?
43. Do Prokaryotes have Histones?
44. Is the DNA of a prokaryote enclosed
in a nuclear envelope?
45. How do Eukaryotic cells replicate?
46. Does this happen in prokaryotes?
47. What is the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)?
48. What are the two types of ER?
49. What is the rough ER
50. What is the function of ribosomes?
51. What is the difference between
rough and smooth ER?
52. What does smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum contain?
53. What function does the smooth ER
in Liver cells perform?
54. Within the Golgi complex, what is
the protein modified into?
55. What are glycolipids?
56. What are glycoproteins?
57. What are lipoproteins?
58. What part of the Golgi complex is
the secretory vesicle detached from?
No
No
No
Mitosis and meiosis
No
An extensive network of channels which are
continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Smooth and Rough
The area that has ribosomes
They are the sites of protein synthesis (protein
factories)
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes
Unique enzymes to make Phospholipids, fats, and
steroids such as estrogen and testosterone
The enzymes of smooth ER in the liver detoxify
drugs
glycoproteins and lipoproteins. The Golgi also
makes glycolipids.
A lipid containing carbohydrate groups
Molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a
protein
Lipoproteins are molecules made of proteins and
fat.
Golgi membrane
3
5 Eukaryotes
59. From the Golgi membrane, where is
the protein delivered to?
60. What two transportation methods do
proteins use to leave the Golgi
complex?
61. What are the vesicles of the Golgi
complex called?
62. What is an important vesicle that
contains digestive enzymes?
63. Describe the physical feature of a
lysosome.
64. What is the vesicle called that stores
processed proteins or nutrients?
65. What is the function of Lysosomes?
66. What are the functions of vacuoles?
67. What are Mitochondria?
68. Name the characteristics of
Mitochondria?
69. What is the purpose of the cristae in
mitochondria?
70. Why are mitochondria so important
to cells?
71. How are mitochondria semidependent of the cell?
72. What is a theory of the origin of
Mitochondria?
73. Where are chloroplasts found?
74. What do chloroplasts contain?
Plasma membrane where they are discharged from
the cell
Secretory and storage vesicles
Storage vesicles
A Lysosome
Membrane-enclosed spheres
Storage Vesicle
They are vesicles which contain as many as 40
different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes
which digest bacteria that enter the cell.
 Storage for nutrients such as proteins, lipids,
sugars, water
 Store wastes and poisons to prevent toxicity to
the cytoplasm
 Used to transport substances within a cell and
transport substances to the outside of the cell
Rod-shaped organelles which appear throughout
the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. They
make most of the cell’s ATP. There can be as
many as 2000 mitochondria in one cell
Mitochondria have a double membrane; the inner
membrane is arranged in a series of folds called
cristae. The center has a semi-fluid substance
called the matrix.
Convolutions of the cristae provide an enormous
surface area on which chemical reactions can
occur.
Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the
cell because of their central role in ATP
production.
Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes and
DNA. They are able to replicate themselves and
make their own proteins.
It is theorized that they evolved from bacteria
millions of years ago, which have a symbiotic
relationship within the organism.
Only found in algae and green plants.
They contain chlorophyll plus enzymes required
for photosynthesis. They also have their own
DNA like Mitochondria.
4
5 Eukaryotes
75. Are they capable of multiplying on
their own within each cell?
76. How do chloroplasts and
mitochondria replicate?
77. What organelle contains enzymes
that can oxidize various substances
including alcohol?
78. What is the end product of the
oxidation reaction?
79. What is catalase?
80. What is the function of
peroxisomes?
81. Ribosomes are attached to which
surface of the rough ER?
82. What is the function of the
Ribosomes in the cell?
83. Are the Ribosomes in eukaryotic
cells larger or smaller than the
Ribosomes in the prokaryotic cells?
84. What are the purposes of the
proteins made by ribosomes?
85. Where are Centromes located?
86. What is the purpose of the
Centrome?
PROKARYOTIC
One circular chromosome, not membranebound
No histones
No organelles
Yes
By binary fission similar to bacteria.
PEROXISOMES
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)
An enzyme made by peroxisomes that breaks
apart H2O2 (converts it into water) so it is safe
within the cell
To digest bacteria that have invaded the cell.
the outer surface or floating free in the
cytoplasm
They are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
They are larger (80S instead of 70S) and denser
than ribosomes of prokaryotic cells
They are either used inside the cell, or inserted
into the plasma membrane or exported out of the
cell
near the nucleus
During mitosis they move the duplicated
chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell
EUKARYOTIC
Paired chromosomes, membrane-bound
Histones present
Organelles present: Golgi complex, ER,
mitochondria, chloroplasts
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Polysaccharide cell walls
Reproduce by binary fission
Reproduce by mitosis/meiosis
No true nucleus; no nuclear membrane
True nucleus; nuclear membrane; also has nucleoli
Glycocalyx present as capsule or slime layer Present in some cells that lack a cell wall
Has phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane Has phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane
Plasma membrane has no carbohydrates and Plasma membrane has carbohydrates and sterols
lack sterols
No cytoskeleton
Has a cytoskeleton
Ribosomes are small (70S)
Ribosomes are large (80S)
5