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5 Eukaryotes 1. What are the 5 phyla of Eukaryotic organisms? 2. What structure is used for cellular locomotion? 3. What structure is used for moving substances along the surface of a cell? 4. What is the difference between flagella and cilia? 5. What type of algae use flagella? 6. What phyla of organisms often have cilia? 7. What is an example of cilia in the human? 8. What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote flagella? 9. How are the flagella and cilia anchored to the plasma membrane? 10. What do they consist of and how are they arranged? 11. What are microtubules made of? Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals Flagella (cilia are also used for locomotion in some protozoa) Cilia Flagella are few and long. Cilia are many and short Euglena Protozoa (like paramecium) The respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia to move mucous and debris in the bronchial tubes to clear the lungs Prokaryotic flagella rotate, but the eukaryotic flagellum moves in a wavelike manner. Both flagella and cilia are anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body, which consists of 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring, plus another 2 microtubules in the center of the ring, an arrangement called a 9 + 2 array. Microtubules are made up of a protein called tubulin. 12. Microtubules are made from tubulin 13. 9 pairs + 2 arrangements 14. Do most non-animal eukaryotic cells have cell walls? 15. What 3 phyla have cellulose in their cell walls? 16. When would a eukaryotic cell have a glycocalyx? 17. What is a glycocalyx? 18. Do eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan? 19. Do antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin affect eukaryotic cells? Yes, although they are much more simple than prokaryotic cells Algae, fungi, plants When it has no cell wall and has direct contact with the environment A sticky carbohydrate that strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and contributes to cell-cell recognition No No, they only act against peptidoglycan, and are therefore safe for human cells. 1 5 Eukaryotes 20. Is the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell different than that of a prokaryotic cell? 21. Are all eukaryotic cell plasma membranes the same? 22. Where do bacteria attach on a cell? 23. What are sterols, and where are they found? 24. What is the function of sterols? 25. What methods allow for substances to cross the cell membrane? 26. What is endocytosis? 27. What is it when the cell membrane projects a pseudopod (false foot), engulfs a particle to bring it in the cell? 28. Where is cytoplasm located in a cell? 29. What is the thick fluid inside cells called? 30. Only eukaryotic cytoplasm has a cytoskeleton, give 2 examples. 31. What is a cytoskeleton? 32. Can cytoskeleton move the entire cell? 33. What is cytoplasmic streaming? 34. Many of the important enzymes found in eukaryotes are contained where? 35. What are organelles? 36. Name the membrane-bound organelles. The plasma membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is very similar in function and structure. No; each cell membrane has different proteins and carbohydrates, which serve in cell to cell recognition. On the proteins and carbohydrates on the cell membrane. Complex lipids that are only found in eukaryotic cells (with the exception of Mycoplasma). Sterols help the membranes resist lysis from increased osmotic pressure. a. diffusion b. active transport c. endocytosis This occurs when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it, and brings it into the cell. Phagocytosis -Inside the plasma membrane -Outside the nucleus Cytosol -Microfilaments -Microtubules It provides support and shape for the cell and assists in transporting substances through the cell. Yes, as in phagocytosis The movement of cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another to distribute nutrients Within organelles Miniature organs inside cells, which are surrounded by a membrane Nucleus ER Golgi Complex Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts Centrioles 2 5 Eukaryotes 37. What is the structure in a cell that is not membrane-bound, and is therefore not considered to be an organelle? 38. Name the 4 characteristics of the nucleus. 39. What is the function of histones? 40. What is chromatin? Ribosomes Contains almost all of the cell’s hereditary information (DNA) Surrounded by a double membrane called nuclear envelope Within nucleus has one or more nucleoli Contains some protein called histones They are like spools that DNA wraps around to organize it a thread-like mass of dormant DNA. 41. During replication what shortens and Chromatin thickens in to chromosomes? 42. Do Prokaryotes undergo this process? 43. Do Prokaryotes have Histones? 44. Is the DNA of a prokaryote enclosed in a nuclear envelope? 45. How do Eukaryotic cells replicate? 46. Does this happen in prokaryotes? 47. What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? 48. What are the two types of ER? 49. What is the rough ER 50. What is the function of ribosomes? 51. What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? 52. What does smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum contain? 53. What function does the smooth ER in Liver cells perform? 54. Within the Golgi complex, what is the protein modified into? 55. What are glycolipids? 56. What are glycoproteins? 57. What are lipoproteins? 58. What part of the Golgi complex is the secretory vesicle detached from? No No No Mitosis and meiosis No An extensive network of channels which are continuous with the nuclear envelope. Smooth and Rough The area that has ribosomes They are the sites of protein synthesis (protein factories) Smooth ER does not have ribosomes Unique enzymes to make Phospholipids, fats, and steroids such as estrogen and testosterone The enzymes of smooth ER in the liver detoxify drugs glycoproteins and lipoproteins. The Golgi also makes glycolipids. A lipid containing carbohydrate groups Molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein Lipoproteins are molecules made of proteins and fat. Golgi membrane 3 5 Eukaryotes 59. From the Golgi membrane, where is the protein delivered to? 60. What two transportation methods do proteins use to leave the Golgi complex? 61. What are the vesicles of the Golgi complex called? 62. What is an important vesicle that contains digestive enzymes? 63. Describe the physical feature of a lysosome. 64. What is the vesicle called that stores processed proteins or nutrients? 65. What is the function of Lysosomes? 66. What are the functions of vacuoles? 67. What are Mitochondria? 68. Name the characteristics of Mitochondria? 69. What is the purpose of the cristae in mitochondria? 70. Why are mitochondria so important to cells? 71. How are mitochondria semidependent of the cell? 72. What is a theory of the origin of Mitochondria? 73. Where are chloroplasts found? 74. What do chloroplasts contain? Plasma membrane where they are discharged from the cell Secretory and storage vesicles Storage vesicles A Lysosome Membrane-enclosed spheres Storage Vesicle They are vesicles which contain as many as 40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes which digest bacteria that enter the cell. Storage for nutrients such as proteins, lipids, sugars, water Store wastes and poisons to prevent toxicity to the cytoplasm Used to transport substances within a cell and transport substances to the outside of the cell Rod-shaped organelles which appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. They make most of the cell’s ATP. There can be as many as 2000 mitochondria in one cell Mitochondria have a double membrane; the inner membrane is arranged in a series of folds called cristae. The center has a semi-fluid substance called the matrix. Convolutions of the cristae provide an enormous surface area on which chemical reactions can occur. Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell because of their central role in ATP production. Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes and DNA. They are able to replicate themselves and make their own proteins. It is theorized that they evolved from bacteria millions of years ago, which have a symbiotic relationship within the organism. Only found in algae and green plants. They contain chlorophyll plus enzymes required for photosynthesis. They also have their own DNA like Mitochondria. 4 5 Eukaryotes 75. Are they capable of multiplying on their own within each cell? 76. How do chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate? 77. What organelle contains enzymes that can oxidize various substances including alcohol? 78. What is the end product of the oxidation reaction? 79. What is catalase? 80. What is the function of peroxisomes? 81. Ribosomes are attached to which surface of the rough ER? 82. What is the function of the Ribosomes in the cell? 83. Are the Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells larger or smaller than the Ribosomes in the prokaryotic cells? 84. What are the purposes of the proteins made by ribosomes? 85. Where are Centromes located? 86. What is the purpose of the Centrome? PROKARYOTIC One circular chromosome, not membranebound No histones No organelles Yes By binary fission similar to bacteria. PEROXISOMES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) An enzyme made by peroxisomes that breaks apart H2O2 (converts it into water) so it is safe within the cell To digest bacteria that have invaded the cell. the outer surface or floating free in the cytoplasm They are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell They are larger (80S instead of 70S) and denser than ribosomes of prokaryotic cells They are either used inside the cell, or inserted into the plasma membrane or exported out of the cell near the nucleus During mitosis they move the duplicated chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell EUKARYOTIC Paired chromosomes, membrane-bound Histones present Organelles present: Golgi complex, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Reproduce by binary fission Reproduce by mitosis/meiosis No true nucleus; no nuclear membrane True nucleus; nuclear membrane; also has nucleoli Glycocalyx present as capsule or slime layer Present in some cells that lack a cell wall Has phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane Has phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane Plasma membrane has no carbohydrates and Plasma membrane has carbohydrates and sterols lack sterols No cytoskeleton Has a cytoskeleton Ribosomes are small (70S) Ribosomes are large (80S) 5