Download Marvelous Macromolecules

Marvelous Macromolecules
Ch 5 Notes
Macromolecules
 Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules
 Four Major Classes
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
Polymers
 Many similar or identical building blocks linked by __________ bonds
Monomers
 Small units that join together to make polymers
 Connected by covalent bonds using a _____________ (dehydration) reaction
 One monomer gives a hydroxyl group, the other gives a hydrogen to form water
 Process requires _____________ and ___________________
Breakdown
 Polymers are disassembled by ___________________
 The covalent bond between the monomers is broken splitting the hydrogen atom
from the hydroxyl group
Example – digestion breaks down polymers in your food into monomers
your body can use
Variety
 Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules
 These vary among cells of the same individual; they vary more among unrelated
individuals in the same species; and vary even more in different species
 ___ to ___ monomers combine to make the huge variety of polymers
Carbohydrates 
 Used for fuel (energy) and building material
 Includes sugars and their polymers
 Monosaccharides –
 Disaccharides –
(two monosaccharides joined by
condensation reaction
 Polysaccharides –
(many sugars joined together)
Monosaccharides
 Molecular formula is usually a multiple of CH2O
 Ex – Glucose C6H12O6
Classification of Monosaccharides
 Location of carbonyl group
 If carbonyl is on end –
 If carbonyl is in middle –
 Number of carbons in backbone
 Six carbons –
 Five carbons Characteristics of Monosaccharides
 Major fuel for cellular work – especially glucose – makes ATP
 In aqueous solutions –
 Joined by ____________ linkage through a dehydration reaction
Disaccharides
 Two monosaccharides joined together with a glycosidic linkage
 Maltose – formed when 2 ________ molecules are joined
 Sucrose (table sugar) formed by joining _________ and
_____________
 Used to transport sugar in plants
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugar
 Can be hundreds to thousands of ______________ joined together by
______________ linkages
 Used in energy storage then broken down as needed in the cell
 Also used to maintain structure in cells
Examples of Polysaccharides
 Starch –
 Plants store starch in __________________
 Plants can use glucose stored in starch when they need energy or
carbon
 When animals eat plants, they use the starch as an energy source
 Made of _______________ glucose rings
 Cellulose
 Polymer of glucose monomers
 Made of ________________ glucose rings
 Found in _________ ________of plants (very tough)
 Animals can’t digest cellulose (passes through making digestion
easier)
 Herbivores have special microbes in their stomachs that can digest
cellulose (that’s why they can survive on only plants)
 Glycogen –
 Humans and vertebrates store glycogen in ________ and
___________
 Chitin
 Structural polysaccharide
 Used in ________________ of arthropods (insects, spiders,
crustaceans)
 Forms the structural support for cell walls of fungi
Lipids 
 Hydrophobic molecules
 ______________ bonds making them have little or no affinity for water
 Store large amounts of energy
 Not “polymers”, but are large molecules made from smaller ones
Fats
 Made of _______________ (3 Carbons with hydroxyl attached) and 3
__________ _________ (long carbon skeleton)
 Joined by ____________ linkage in dehydration reaction
 Used in energy storage, cushion organs, and for insulation
Saturated Fats
 Fatty acids with no carbon-carbon double bonds
 Pack tightly together making _________ at room temperature
 Most _____________ fats are saturated
 Eating too much can block arteries
Unsaturated Fats
 Fatty acid has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
 Kinks from double bonds prevent tight packing
 ________________at room temperature
 ___________ and __________fats - oils
Phospholipids
 Glycerol joins with ____ fatty acids and ___ phosphate group
 Phosphate group carries negative charge making heads that are
_______________
 Fatty acids are nonpolar, making tails that are _____________
 Major components of cell membranes – ___________ __________
Compare the structure of a fat to the structure of a phospholipid:
Steroids
 Carbon skeleton with four fused carbon rings
 __________ _________ attached to rings make different steroids
 Cholesterol – used in animal cell membranes
 Precursor for all other steroids
 Many hormones are steroids
Proteins 
 Function in
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Polypeptide
 Polymer of _________ _______ (monomer) joined by _________ bonds
 One or more polypeptides come together to make protein
 Each protein has complex 3-D shape
Amino Acids
 Made of
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

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– varies from one amino acid to the next
 _____ amino acid monomers make thousands of proteins
 Joined together by dehydration reaction that removes hydroxyl group from
one and amino group of another to make a peptide bond
Structure determines function
 Polypeptides must be folded into a unique shape before becoming proteins
 Order of amino acids determines shape
 __________ of protein determines its ____________
 Ex. – antibodies bind to foreign substances based on shape
 Folding occurs spontaneously
Levels of Protein Structure
 Primary –
 Order of amino acids comes from ________
 Changing primary structure can change the ________ of a protein and
could cause it to be __________
 Ex – sickle cell caused by one amino acid change
 Secondary –
 Alpha helix –
 Beta pleated sheets –
 Tertiary –
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____________ bonds
Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
Van der Waals interactions
___________ bonds (charged R groups)
Disulfide bridges between _____________ groups of cysteine amino
acids (stabilize structure)
 Quaternary –
 Collagen – three polypeptides coiled like a rope – good for structure
 Hemoglobin – four polypeptide (two different types) – carries oxygen
Changing Protein Structure
 Physical and Chemical conditions can change the shape of a protein
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 Changes can disrupt __________ or ____________ structures
 Some proteins can return to original shape, but others are permanently
_______________
Nucleic Acids 
 Polymers formed by joining _________________ monomers with
______________ linkages
 Store and transmit hereditary information
 Inherited from one cell to the next during cell division
 Program the primary structure of proteins through instructions in the genes of
DNA
 Information travels from ______________________________
 Examples – DNA, RNA, ATP
Nucleotides
 Made of 3 parts

(usually deoxyribose or ribose)
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 Backbone – __________ and _____________ (phosphodiester link)
 Steps –
 Make a ______________ _____________Nitrogen Bases
 Rings of Carbon and nitrogen
 Purines – __________ rings
 Adenine (A)
 Guanine (G)
 Pyrimidines – __________ ring
 Cytosine (C)
 Thymine (T)
 Uracil (U)
 ___ always pairs with ____, ____ pairs with ____ in DNA
 Bases are connected in middle of ladder by __________ ______ 
Polynucleotides
 Connect Sugar of one nucleotide to phosphate of next making a backbone
 Nitrogen bases in the middle vary from one organism to the next creating a
unique sequence of DNA
 DNA creates proteins in cells therefore different organisms create different
proteins based on the order of bases in DNA