Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biology Exam Review Packet WITH ANSWERS Topic 1: Characteristics of life, life processes, scientific method and the Microscope 1. What is the total magnification of a microscope if the eyepiece (ocular) is 10x and the objective is 40x? 400X 2. In the example above, is this high or low power? high 3. What does the term magnification mean? Increasing image size 4. What does the term resolution mean? Clarity/ focus of the image 5. When moving a slide to the left, the image in the scope appears to move in what direction? It moves to the right (opposite direction) 6. Using the appropriate terms, label the parts of the microscope shown below: eyepiece Fine adjustment Objective lens arm Stage clips Diaphragm Pivot point base 7. What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob? Focus image 8. Under what power should you use the coarse adjustment knob? Low power a. When is it ok to use the fine adjustment knob? High power 9. What are the steps of the scientific method? 1- state the problem 2- prediction/ hypothesis 3- experiment 4- collect and analyze data 5- draw conclusions 6- share information 7- relating hypothesis become a theory 10. What is a controlled experiment? An experiment that compares an experimental group and a control group, and contains only one variable. 11. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? Experimental group contains the variable being tested. The control group is the normal standard. 12. What is a variable? The factor that changes from the control to experimental group. Topic 2: Chemistry 1. What does the atomic number tell you about an atom? Number of protons 2. What does the atomic mass tell you about an atom? Number of protons and neutrons a. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16 i. How many protons does one atom of oxygen have? 8 ii. How many electrons (assuming it is neutral!)? 8 iii. How many neutrons? 8 3. What is the charge of a proton?__+____ and electron? ___-____ a neutron? __0______ 4. In a neutral atom, the number of protons always equals the number of ____electrons_________. 5. What is an ion? A charged particle (positive or negative) a. How is a positive ion formed? Lose electrons b. How is a negative ion formed? Gain electrons 6. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? Covalent bond is the sharing of electrons. Ionic bond is between oppositely charged ions. 7. What is an Element: Substance that cannot be broken down chemically 8. What is a compound? Substance made of 2 or more chemically bonded elements in fixed proportions 9. What is a mixture? Combination of substances, not chemically bonded 10. Look at the following chemical equation: 2H20 + O2 2H2O2 a. How many different kinds of atoms are shown? 2 types : hydrogen and oxygen b. What are the reactants? 2H20 + O2 c. What are the products? 2H2O2 d. How many of each atom are shown? 8 atoms of H and 8 atoms of oxygen 11. What information does a chemical formula tell you? Chemical symbols tell what type of elements, the numbers tells how many atoms of each element. 12. In the example formula: H2SO4 a. What atoms make up this compound? Hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen b. How many of each atom are there? Hydrogen 2, sulfur 1, oxygen 4 13. What number is neutral on the pH scale? 7 a. What range of numbers do acids fall in? 0-7 b. What range of numbers do bases fall in? 7-14 c. The concentration of what ion is being measured? H+ 14. What is a neutralization reaction? What are the products? Acid + Base water + Salt 15. What is a solution? Even distributed mixture that separated into molecules or ions. 16. Which part is the solute?. a. The substance the dissolves in into molecules or ions b. Which part is the solvent? The substance that does the dissolving Topic 3: Biochemistry 1. What elements must be in a compound for it to be an organic compound? Carbon and hydrogen 2. What is a monomer? One repeating molecular unit 3. What is a polymer? A chain of monomers 4. What is a macromolecule? Why are many organic compounds considered to be macromolecules? Large polymers. Organic compounds are macromolecules because they are made of carbons, which can make 4 bonds. 5. Identify the name of the monomer for each molecule below: a. Carbohydrates: monosaccharide b. Proteins: amino acids c. Nucleic acids: nucleotide 6. What are the parts of a lipid? Glycerol and fatty acid 7. What are some examples of each of the following: a. Carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen b. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids c. Proteins: enzymes, collagen d. Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA 8. Classify each of the following as a carb, lipid, protein or nucleic acid a. Glucose carb b. Fructose carb c. Oils lipids d. Fats lipids e. Ear wax lipids f. DNA nucleic acid g. RNA nucleic acid h. Enzymes protein i. Glycogen carb j. Starch carb k. Disaccharide carb i. Define the above term: two monosaccharides bonded l. Polypeptide i. Define the above term: three or more amino acids bonded 9. Is water polar or nonpolar? Polar 10. What does it mean to be polar? Having an uneven distribution of charge (charged, ion) 11. What kind of substances dissolve in polar substances? Are fats polar or nonpolar? Polar dissolves in polar. Fats are non-polar 12. What is an enzyme? Protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions 13. To what class of compounds do enzymes belong? Protein 14. What effect do enzymes have on a chemical reaction? speeds up 15. What factors affect enzyme action? Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme or substrate 16. What does substrate mean? The chemical an enzyme works on. 17. What is the active site of an enzyme? The place on the enzyme where the substrate attaches Topic 4: The cell 1. What are the three main points of the cell theory? 1) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 2) All living things are made of one or more cells. 3) Cells only come from existing cells. 2. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes a. What is the main difference? Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles: no nucleus, no mitochondria, etc. Eukaryotes have organelles: have a nucleus. b. What structures are found in prokaryote cells? Nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes c. What are some examples of prokaryote cells? Bacteria 3. Complete the following chart: Organelle Name: Function of organelle Controls what enters and exits the cell Protects cell and provides structural support Usually the largest structure of the cell Contains pores that allow molecules to move in and out Site of ribosome formation Consists of both organelles and the fluid filled spaces Type of cells that contain this organelle Cell membrane Made of phospholipids Cell wall Outer rigid structure Nucleus Stores DNA Nuclear envelope Membrane that encloses the nucleus Nucleolus Found inside the nucleus Cytoplasm Region inside the cell, but outside the nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth vs. rough) System of membranes that may have ribosomes attached. Involved with modifying molecules made in the cell. Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Site of protein synthesis Modifies and sends molecules within and outside the cell A vacuole containing digestive enzymes to break down molecules Site of aerobic respiration Small structures made of rRNA and proteins Found in all cell types Controls what enters and exits the cell Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Ribosome Golgi Lysosomes Mitchondria Vacuoles Cilia and flagella Microtubules and microfilaments Large membrane sacs Used for locomotion of cells Protein fibers that support the cells structure. (cytoskeleton) Centrioles Short tubular protein structures Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Protects cell and provides structural support Usually the largest structure of the cell Contains pores that allow molecules to move in and out Site of ribosome formation Consists of both organelles and the fluid filled spaces Involved with modifying molecules made in the cell. Small structures made of rRNA and proteins Found in all cell types Found in prokaryotes and plant cells Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Found in all cell types Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Found on all cell types Only in eukaryotes (plants and animals) Only in animal cells Found in plant cells 4. Draw a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer with the following parts: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates. a. why is it called a fluid mosaic model? Phospholipids can move around in a semi fluid state, and the membrane is embedded with a mosaic of various proteins and molecules. 5. What does “selectively permeable” mean? Which structure is described as selectively permeable? Certain particles are allowed to pass through. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. 6. The five layers of organization in a multicellular organism are: cell Tissue organs organ systems organism 7. Define the following terms: a. Tissue: Cells working together for a common function b. Organ: Tissues working together for a common function Topic 5: Cell transport 1. What is the difference between Active and passive transport? Active transport uses energy, passive does not. 2. What is diffusion? Is it active or passive? passive 3. What is a concentration gradient? A difference in the concentration of a substance over an area. 4. What does equilibrium mean? Having an even distribution of particles throughout an area. 5. What is osmosis? Is it active or passive? Passive. Diffusion of water through a membrane. 6. If a plant cell loses too much water and shrivels it is called plasmolysis. 7. If an animal cell swells up to the point that it pops it is called cytolysis. 8. What is turgor pressure? Force of the cell membrane pushing on the cell wall of a plant cell. Occurs when the plant cell is in a hypotonic environment. 9. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion? Is it active or passive? Passive. In facilitated diffusion, particles move through transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane, and in simple diffusion particles more directly through the cell membrane. 10. What is endocytosis? Form of active transport, when cell membrane forms a vesicle around particles engulfs them into the cell. a. Phagocytosis? “cell eating” cell engulfs large particles b. Pinocytosis? “cell drinking” cell takes in small vesicles of fluids from its surroundings 11. What is exocytosis? Form of active transport, when cell membrane forms a vesicle around particles and releases them out of the cell 12. Fill in the following chart Type of solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) In what direction does the water move What happens to the cell? Hypotonic inside outside inside Cell swells and burst Hypertonic outside inside outside Cell shrinks Isotonic same same both Stays same Topic 6: Photosynthesis and Cell respiration 1. What is photosynthesis? Process used by autotrophs to convert light energy into chemical energy (food) a. Where in the cell does it take place? chloroplast b. What are the reactants? C02 (carbon dioxide) and H20 (water) c. What are the products? C6H1206 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) 2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs must consume their food. 3. What is AEROBIC cellular respiration? The process of breaking down food and to make usable chemical energy. a. Where in the cell does it take place? mitochondria b. What are the reactants? C6H1206 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) c. What are the products? C02 (carbon dioxide) and H20 (water) 4. Compare and contrast the overall equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration. They are chemically opposite reactions. The products made in photosynthesis are used as the reactants in aerobic respiration. Light energy is converted in food in photosynthesis. Food energy is converted in ATP energy in respiration. 5. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic respiration? Aerobic uses oxygen, takes place in the mitochondria, and makes more ATP. Anaerobic does NOT use oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm, and makes less ATP. 6. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? Fermentation 7. Where in the cell does fermentation happen? cytoplasm 8. There are two types of fermentation: a. What are they? Lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation b. Which one is responsible for muscle soreness because it produces lactic acid? Lactic acid fermentation c. Which one is responsible for making bread rise and for making products like wine or beer? alcoholic fermentation 9. What word means “glucose splitting?” Where in the cell does this take place? Glycolysis Topic 7: Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis 1. What happens in each of the following stages: a. Interphase: cell grows, DNA replicates. b. Mitosis: nucleus (chromosomes) divide. c. Cytokinesis cytoplasm of cell divides. 2. What are the three sub-phases of Interphase? What happens in each? G1: cell grows S: DNA replicates G2: organelles replicate, cell grows more 3. List the 4 phases of Mitosis and the MAIN events that happen in each. Prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosome condense Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase: chromosomes separate, separate chromatids are pulled opposite ends of the cell Telophase: Nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes, chromosomes decondense 4. How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals? In animals, the cell membrane pinches off and divides the two cells. In plants, a cell plate forms in between the two new cells. 5. What structures are found in animal cells, but not plant cells during mitosis? Centrioles, and asters 6. How many chromosomes does a diploid human body cell have? Haploid? Diploid: 46, haploid : 23 7. What is cancer? Uncontrolled cell growth. (cells continue to do mitosis very quickly and keep growing and dividing) a. What is the overall cause of cancer? mutations 8. Fill in the chart below to compare mitosis and meiosis: Mitosis What type of cells go through Somatic cells (body this process? cells): every cell except for the sperm and egg How many divisions take 1 place? How many cells do you have 2 at the end? Are the cells at the parent cells diploid haploid or diploid? Are the daughter cells haploid diploid Meiosis or diploid? Are the daughter cells the YES same as the parent cells? 9. What is asexual reproduction? How does it differ from sexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. The offspring are genetically identical. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring is genetically different. 10. Describe the significance of each of the following words in relation to mitosis/meiosis: Chromatid Identical halves of chromosome structure in mitosis. Centromere Region on chromosome where chromatids attach. Chromatin Aster Loosely coiled structure of DNA and proteins. Found during interphase and end of telophase. Only in animal cells. Organelle that is used to organize the microtubules Microtubules in mitosis that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart Structure of centrioles and the spindle fibers that branch off them Chromosome Structure of tightly coiled DNA and protein, found during mitosis Synapsis ____________ Crossing over ____________ Tetrad Chromosome number that is 4 times the diploid number. Number of chromosomes in a cell before it divided into two cells. Sex cell: egg and sperm Centriole Spindle fiber Gamete Haploid Diploid Half the diploid number of chromosomes. One set of chromosomes Twice the haploid number. Two sets of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same information. Genetic variation Differences in genes between organisms of the same species. Fertilization _____________ zygote _________________