Download Biology K Midterm Exam Review Packet

Biology Exam Review Packet WITH ANSWERS
Topic 1: Characteristics of life, life processes, scientific method and the Microscope
1. What is the total magnification of a microscope if the eyepiece (ocular) is 10x and the
objective is 40x? 400X
2. In the example above, is this high or low power? high
3. What does the term magnification mean? Increasing image size
4. What does the term resolution mean? Clarity/ focus of the image
5. When moving a slide to the left, the image in the scope appears to move in what
direction? It moves to the right (opposite direction)
6. Using the appropriate terms, label the parts of the microscope shown below:
eyepiece
Fine adjustment
Objective lens
arm
Stage clips
Diaphragm
Pivot point
base
7. What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob? Focus image
8. Under what power should you use the coarse adjustment knob? Low power
a. When is it ok to use the fine adjustment knob? High power
9. What are the steps of the scientific method?
1- state the problem
2- prediction/ hypothesis
3- experiment
4- collect and analyze data
5- draw conclusions
6- share information
7- relating hypothesis become a theory
10. What is a controlled experiment?
An experiment that compares an experimental group and a control group,
and contains only one variable.
11. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?
Experimental group contains the variable being tested. The control group
is the normal standard.
12. What is a variable?
The factor that changes from the control to experimental group.
Topic 2: Chemistry
1. What does the atomic number tell you about an atom? Number of protons
2. What does the atomic mass tell you about an atom? Number of protons and
neutrons
a. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16
i. How many protons does one atom of oxygen have? 8
ii. How many electrons (assuming it is neutral!)? 8
iii. How many neutrons? 8
3. What is the charge of a proton?__+____ and electron? ___-____ a neutron? __0______
4. In a neutral atom, the number of protons always equals the number of
____electrons_________.
5. What is an ion? A charged particle (positive or negative)
a. How is a positive ion formed? Lose electrons
b. How is a negative ion formed? Gain electrons
6. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? Covalent bond is the
sharing of electrons. Ionic bond is between oppositely charged ions.
7. What is an Element: Substance that cannot be broken down chemically
8. What is a compound? Substance made of 2 or more chemically bonded
elements in fixed proportions
9. What is a mixture? Combination of substances, not chemically bonded
10. Look at the following chemical equation: 2H20 + O2  2H2O2
a. How many different kinds of atoms are shown?
2 types : hydrogen and oxygen
b. What are the reactants? 2H20 + O2
c. What are the products? 2H2O2
d. How many of each atom are shown? 8 atoms of H and 8 atoms of oxygen
11. What information does a chemical formula tell you? Chemical symbols tell what
type of elements, the numbers tells how many atoms of each element.
12. In the example formula: H2SO4
a. What atoms make up this compound? Hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen
b. How many of each atom are there? Hydrogen 2, sulfur 1, oxygen 4
13. What number is neutral on the pH scale? 7
a. What range of numbers do acids fall in? 0-7
b. What range of numbers do bases fall in? 7-14
c. The concentration of what ion is being measured? H+
14. What is a neutralization reaction? What are the products?
Acid + Base  water + Salt
15. What is a solution? Even distributed mixture that separated into molecules or
ions.
16. Which part is the solute?.
a. The substance the dissolves in into molecules or ions
b. Which part is the solvent? The substance that does the dissolving
Topic 3: Biochemistry
1. What elements must be in a compound for it to be an organic compound?
Carbon and hydrogen
2. What is a monomer?
One repeating molecular unit
3. What is a polymer?
A chain of monomers
4. What is a macromolecule? Why are many organic compounds considered to be
macromolecules?
Large polymers. Organic compounds are macromolecules because they
are made of carbons, which can make 4 bonds.
5. Identify the name of the monomer for each molecule below:
a. Carbohydrates: monosaccharide
b. Proteins: amino acids
c. Nucleic acids: nucleotide
6. What are the parts of a lipid? Glycerol and fatty acid
7. What are some examples of each of the following:
a. Carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen
b. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
c. Proteins: enzymes, collagen
d. Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA
8. Classify each of the following as a carb, lipid, protein or nucleic acid
a. Glucose carb
b. Fructose carb
c. Oils lipids
d. Fats lipids
e. Ear wax lipids
f. DNA nucleic acid
g. RNA nucleic acid
h. Enzymes protein
i. Glycogen carb
j. Starch carb
k. Disaccharide carb
i. Define the above term: two monosaccharides bonded
l. Polypeptide
i. Define the above term: three or more amino acids bonded
9. Is water polar or nonpolar? Polar
10. What does it mean to be polar? Having an uneven distribution of charge
(charged, ion)
11. What kind of substances dissolve in polar substances? Are fats polar or nonpolar?
Polar dissolves in polar. Fats are non-polar
12. What is an enzyme? Protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions
13. To what class of compounds do enzymes belong? Protein
14. What effect do enzymes have on a chemical reaction? speeds up
15. What factors affect enzyme action? Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme
or substrate
16. What does substrate mean? The chemical an enzyme works on.
17. What is the active site of an enzyme? The place on the enzyme where the
substrate attaches
Topic 4: The cell
1. What are the three main points of the cell theory? 1) Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things. 2) All living things are made of one
or more cells. 3) Cells only come from existing cells.
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a. What is the main difference? Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound
organelles: no nucleus, no mitochondria, etc. Eukaryotes have
organelles: have a nucleus.
b. What structures are found in prokaryote cells? Nucleoid, cytoplasm,
ribosomes
c. What are some examples of prokaryote cells? Bacteria
3. Complete the following chart:
Organelle Name:
Function of organelle
Controls what enters
and exits the cell
Protects cell and
provides structural
support
Usually the largest
structure of the cell
Contains pores that
allow molecules to
move in and out
Site of ribosome
formation
Consists of both
organelles and the
fluid filled spaces
Type of cells that
contain this organelle
Cell membrane
Made of phospholipids
Cell wall
Outer rigid structure
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Nuclear envelope
Membrane that
encloses the nucleus
Nucleolus
Found inside the
nucleus
Cytoplasm
Region inside the cell,
but outside the nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth
vs. rough)
System of membranes
that may have
ribosomes attached.
Involved with
modifying molecules
made in the cell.
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Site of protein
synthesis
Modifies and sends
molecules within and
outside the cell
A vacuole containing
digestive enzymes to
break down molecules
Site of aerobic
respiration
Small structures made
of rRNA and proteins
Found in all cell types
Controls what enters
and exits the cell
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Ribosome
Golgi
Lysosomes
Mitchondria
Vacuoles
Cilia and flagella
Microtubules and
microfilaments
Large membrane sacs
Used for locomotion
of cells
Protein fibers that
support the cells
structure.
(cytoskeleton)
Centrioles
Short tubular protein
structures
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Protects cell and
provides structural
support
Usually the largest
structure of the cell
Contains pores that
allow molecules to
move in and out
Site of ribosome
formation
Consists of both
organelles and the
fluid filled spaces
Involved with
modifying molecules
made in the cell.
Small structures made
of rRNA and proteins
Found in all cell types
Found in prokaryotes and
plant cells
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Found in all cell types
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Found on all cell types
Only in eukaryotes (plants
and animals)
Only in animal cells
Found in plant cells
4. Draw a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer with the following parts: phospholipids,
proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates.
a. why is it called a fluid mosaic model? Phospholipids can move around in
a semi fluid state, and the membrane is embedded with a mosaic of
various proteins and molecules.
5. What does “selectively permeable” mean? Which structure is described as selectively
permeable? Certain particles are allowed to pass through. The cell
membrane is selectively permeable.
6. The five layers of organization in a multicellular organism are: cell  Tissue  organs
 organ systems  organism
7. Define the following terms:
a. Tissue: Cells working together for a common function
b. Organ: Tissues working together for a common function
Topic 5: Cell transport
1. What is the difference between Active and passive transport? Active transport uses
energy, passive does not.
2. What is diffusion? Is it active or passive? passive
3. What is a concentration gradient? A difference in the concentration of a
substance over an area.
4. What does equilibrium mean? Having an even distribution of particles
throughout an area.
5. What is osmosis? Is it active or passive? Passive. Diffusion of water through a
membrane.
6. If a plant cell loses too much water and shrivels it is called plasmolysis.
7. If an animal cell swells up to the point that it pops it is called cytolysis.
8. What is turgor pressure? Force of the cell membrane pushing on the cell wall
of a plant cell. Occurs when the plant cell is in a hypotonic environment.
9. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion? Is it active or passive?
Passive. In facilitated diffusion, particles move through transport proteins
embedded in the cell membrane, and in simple diffusion particles more
directly through the cell membrane.
10. What is endocytosis? Form of active transport, when cell membrane forms a
vesicle around particles engulfs them into the cell.
a. Phagocytosis? “cell eating” cell engulfs large particles
b. Pinocytosis? “cell drinking” cell takes in small vesicles of fluids from its
surroundings
11. What is exocytosis? Form of active transport, when cell membrane forms a
vesicle around particles and releases them out of the cell
12. Fill in the following chart
Type of solution
Where is there
more solute
Where is there
more solvent
(water)
In what direction
does the water
move
What happens to
the cell?
Hypotonic
inside
outside
inside
Cell swells
and burst
Hypertonic
outside
inside
outside
Cell shrinks
Isotonic
same
same
both
Stays same
Topic 6: Photosynthesis and Cell respiration
1. What is photosynthesis? Process used by autotrophs to convert light energy
into chemical energy (food)
a. Where in the cell does it take place? chloroplast
b. What are the reactants? C02 (carbon dioxide) and H20 (water)
c. What are the products? C6H1206 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen)
2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs make their
own food, heterotrophs must consume their food.
3. What is AEROBIC cellular respiration? The process of breaking down food and
to make usable chemical energy.
a. Where in the cell does it take place? mitochondria
b. What are the reactants? C6H1206 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen)
c. What are the products? C02 (carbon dioxide) and H20 (water)
4. Compare and contrast the overall equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular
respiration. They are chemically opposite reactions. The products made in
photosynthesis are used as the reactants in aerobic respiration. Light
energy is converted in food in photosynthesis. Food energy is converted
in ATP energy in respiration.
5. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic respiration? Aerobic uses oxygen,
takes place in the mitochondria, and makes more ATP. Anaerobic does
NOT use oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm, and makes less ATP.
6. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? Fermentation
7. Where in the cell does fermentation happen? cytoplasm
8. There are two types of fermentation:
a. What are they? Lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation
b. Which one is responsible for muscle soreness because it produces lactic acid?
Lactic acid fermentation
c. Which one is responsible for making bread rise and for making products like wine
or beer? alcoholic fermentation
9. What word means “glucose splitting?” Where in the cell does this take place?
Glycolysis
Topic 7: Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis
1. What happens in each of the following stages:
a. Interphase: cell grows, DNA replicates.
b. Mitosis: nucleus (chromosomes) divide.
c. Cytokinesis cytoplasm of cell divides.
2. What are the three sub-phases of Interphase? What happens in each?
G1: cell grows
S: DNA replicates
G2: organelles replicate, cell
grows more
3. List the 4 phases of Mitosis and the MAIN events that happen in each.
Prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosome condense
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase: chromosomes separate, separate chromatids are pulled
opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: Nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes,
chromosomes decondense
4. How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals? In animals, the cell membrane
pinches off and divides the two cells. In plants, a cell plate forms in
between the two new cells.
5. What structures are found in animal cells, but not plant cells during mitosis? Centrioles,
and asters
6. How many chromosomes does a diploid human body cell have? Haploid? Diploid: 46,
haploid : 23
7. What is cancer? Uncontrolled cell growth. (cells continue to do mitosis very
quickly and keep growing and dividing)
a. What is the overall cause of cancer? mutations
8. Fill in the chart below to compare mitosis and meiosis:
Mitosis
What type of cells go through Somatic cells (body
this process?
cells): every cell except
for the sperm and egg
How many divisions take
1
place?
How many cells do you have
2
at the end?
Are the cells at the parent cells diploid
haploid or diploid?
Are the daughter cells haploid diploid
Meiosis
or diploid?
Are the daughter cells the
YES
same as the parent cells?
9. What is asexual reproduction? How does it differ from sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. The offspring are genetically
identical. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring is
genetically different.
10. Describe the significance of each of the following words in relation to mitosis/meiosis:
Chromatid
Identical halves of chromosome structure in mitosis.
Centromere
Region on chromosome where chromatids attach.
Chromatin
Aster
Loosely coiled structure of DNA and proteins. Found during
interphase and end of telophase.
Only in animal cells. Organelle that is used to organize the
microtubules
Microtubules in mitosis that attach to chromosomes and pull them
apart
Structure of centrioles and the spindle fibers that branch off them
Chromosome
Structure of tightly coiled DNA and protein, found during mitosis
Synapsis
____________
Crossing over
____________
Tetrad
Chromosome number that is 4 times the diploid number. Number
of chromosomes in a cell before it divided into two cells.
Sex cell: egg and sperm
Centriole
Spindle fiber
Gamete
Haploid
Diploid
Half the diploid number of chromosomes. One set of
chromosomes
Twice the haploid number. Two sets of chromosomes.
Homologous
chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same information.
Genetic
variation
Differences in genes between organisms of the same species.
Fertilization
_____________
zygote
_________________