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Geology Semester Review – Ch 1-8, 10, & 12 Chapter 1 1. James Hutton 2. Uniformitarianism 3. Asthenosphere 4. geological cycles of the Earth 5. Continental vs oceanic crust 6. Tectonic forces 7. Sea-floor spreading 8. Convergent boundary 9. Divergent boundary 10. Transform boundary 11. Subduction 12. Internal heat engine – cause and effect 13. External heat engine – cause and effect 14. Convection currents Chapter 2 1. How to determine Protons, Neutrons, electrons 2. Isotopes 3. Metallic bonds 4. Ionic bonds 5. Covalent bonds 6. Hydrogen bonds 7. Top 4 elements of earth 8. 5 tests done on minerals? 9. Less reliable test? 10. Moh’s Hardness scale 11. Hardness of apatite 12. 4 characteristics of minerals 13. Building block of silicate group and ways it can be arranged 14. Most common mineral Chapter 3 1. magma vs lava 2. What is a caldera and how formed 3. Is lava viscosity high or low if it contains a lot of silica? 4. Would this create a quiet or explosive volcanic eruption? 5. mafic rocks felsic rocks. 6. basalt plateau. How did it form? 7. two major volcano belts 8. cinder cone 9. shield volcano 10. stratovolcano 11. aa vs pahoehoe 12. What happened? Match the description to each volcano eruption. a. Crater Lake occurred after explosion ____ Krakatoa b. Sudden death by pyroclastic flow ____ Mt. Pelee c. Renewed volcanic activity in 1980 ____ Mt. Mazama d. Buried Pompeii ____ Mt. St. Helens e. Heard ‘round the world ____ Mt. Vesuvius 13. What is it? Match the description to each pyroclastic object. f. Pumice ____ Large crystal in porphyritic rock g. Phenocryst ____ Spindle or lens-shaped h. Obsidian ____ Dark with holes (similar to scoria) i. Bomb ____ Light volcanic glass with holes j. Vesicular basalt ____ Shiny volcanic glass; noncrystalline Chapter 4 1. Intrusive rocks 2. Granite characteristics 3. Xenoliths 4. Ultramafic 5. Dike vs sill 6. Discordant vs Concordant 7. Stock 8. Batholith 9. Geothermal gradient 10. Bowen’s Reaction Series a. Discontinuous Branch – description & order of names b. Continuous Branch – description & order of names 11. Crystal Settling 12. Assimilation 13. Origin of Andesite & Granite Chapter 5 1. weathering & erosion. 2. physical weathering a. Abrasion b. Frost wedging c. Exfoliation d. Thermal expansion e. Biological f. Salt Crystal Growth 3. chemical weathering a. Dissolution b. Leaching c. Oxidation d. Hydrolysis e. Spheroidal f. Biological 4. Between temperature, humidity, and surface area, which is most important variable in erosion? 5. What happens to these three minerals when granite weathers? (Which one oxidizes, turns to sand, or turns to clay) 6. Feldspar 7. Quartz 8. biotite 9. soil horizons – know each layer Chapter 6 1. Name and order of the 6 sedimentary grain sizes 2. 2 sources of sediments? 3. Transportation VS Deposition 4. River sorting 5. Principle of Original Horizontality 6. 3 parts to Lithification 7. 3 classes of rocks 8. 3 most common sedimentary rocks 9. Conglomerate vs breccia 10. Best environment for sediments 11. What is a sedimentary rock that is made up of clastic particles derived from weathering and erosion? A. gypsum B. Chert C. Sandstone D. Limestone 12. The mineral calcite (CaCO3) is a major constituent of what? a. Limestone b. Shale c. Sandstone d. Gypsum 13. Which of the following rock types is NOT a clastic sedimentary rock? a. Sandstone b. Conglomerate c. Siltstone d. Rock salt 14. What is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks? a. Same grain size b. Mud cracks c. Fossils d. Layers 15. .A rock with a texture consisting of well-rounded grains represents what process(es)? a. Compression & heat of sediments b. Cooling rock at the surface c. Cooling rock below the surface d. Long time of transportation and cycles of erosion & deposition 16. You found a limestone layer with many fossil corals, fossil sponges, and other fossils with little layering, no cross-bedding, and no ripple marks. What environment was the limestone formed? a. Delta b. Beach c. Deep Ocean d. Reef Chapter 7 1. Contact metamorphism is found near : a. water 2. Regional metamorphism if found mainly in: a. volcanoes b. magma c. convergent zones b. magma c. mountains d. trees d. divergent zones 3. Slate is a metamorphic rock. It may have formed from a. granite b. gneiss c. shale d. sandstone 4. Schist is easy to identify because it a. Has foliation b. Reacts with HCl c. Has mineral bands d. Is harder than steel 5. Quartzite is composed largely of a. calcite b. mica c. quartz d. clay 6. Granite can be metamorphosed into serpentinite a. gneiss 7. Which is not a cause of metamorphism? A. temp 8. Match the columns below. Preexisting rock Contact metamorphism Pressure Foliation Cataclastic Marble Burial metamorphism Regional metamorphism Gneiss Schist b. schist c. slate d. b. pressure c. faulting d. HCl a. metamorphism caused along a fault b. country rock c. meta rock of mostly calcite d. alignment of minerals in meta rock e. meta rock of mostly mica f. metamorphism cause by weight of overlying rocks g. meta rock showing mineral banding h. metamorphism caused by high temp i. moderate temp and press over large area j. one of main causes of metamorphism Ch 8 – Fossils & Geo Time 1. What is stratigraphy the study of? 2. Explain law of superposition 3. What is an unconformity? 4. Type of unconformity where layers are over gneiss & granite (not sedimentary rock)? 5. Basic unit of rock stratigraphy? 6. Primary unit of geo time? 7. Smallest unit of geo time? 8. What are Eons subdivided into? 9. Which are better index fossils? Ammonites or trilobites? 10. Which are better index fossils? Swimming, fast evolved or land, slow evolved? 11. What is half-life? 12. What does C-14 decay into? 13. How many half-lives does it take to reduce to ¼ original material? 14. What is the half-life of C-14? 15. 14C dating can be applied to materials in the age range between ____ years. a. 200,000 – 50,000 b. 150,000 – 70,000 c. 100,000 – 70,000 d. 100 – 70,000 Ch 10 Hydrologic Cycle What factors control stream velocity? Where is the stream’s velocity the greatest? Describe stream velocities as the stream curves. What does stream gradient mean? How do changes in the gradient affect the velocity of the stream? Explain how channel shape and roughness affect the velocity of the stream Describe what is meant by the discharge of a stream. How is the discharge of a stream calculated? Why does discharge increase downstream? traction vs saltation? Suspension vs dissolution Meander vs braided stream oxbow lakes floodplain deltas vs alluvial fans Drainage patterns - dendritic, radial, rectangular, and trellis. Ch 12 - Glaciers What are the following glacial features: a. cirque b. valley glacier c. calving d. crevasse e. fjord VS tarn f. g. h. i. j. u shaped valley terminus moraines arete horn