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AP United States History Unit 11: Boom and Bust (1933 – 1945) Chapter 35 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933–1941 CHAPTER THEMES Theme: In the early and mid-1930s, the United States attempted to isolate itself from foreign involvements and wars. But by the end of the decade, the spread of totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition. CHAPTER SUMMARY Roosevelt’s early foreign policies, such as wrecking the London economic conference and establishing the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America, were governed by concern for domestic recovery and reflected America’s desire for a less active role in the world. America virtually withdrew from all European affairs, and promised independence to the Philippines as an attempt to avoid Asian commitments. Depression-spawned chaos in Europe and Asia strengthened the isolationist impulse, as Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts designed to prevent America from being drawn into foreign wars. The United States adhered to the policy for a time, despite the aggression of Italy, Germany, and Japan. But after the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Roosevelt began to provide some aid to the Allies. After the fall of France, Roosevelt gave greater assistance to desperate Britain in the destroyers-for-bases deal and in lendlease. Still-powerful isolationists protested these measures, but Wendall Willkie refrained from attacking Roosevelt’s foreign policy in the 1940 campaign. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, and by the summer of 1941, the United States was fighting an undeclared naval war with Germany in the North Atlantic. After negotiations with Japan failed, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor plunged the United States into World War II. Extra Credit Opportunities: : 1) Note Cards: Analyze the following terms; include historical context, chronology, drawing conclusions, and cause/effect where appropriate. Each note card you complete is worth one extra credit point; pick the terms you need the most help with to understand. . 2) Answer questions in bulleted format (1 pt per question/& Notecard to equal 100). 1. London Economic Conference 2. Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 3. Good Neighbor Policy 4. Cordell Hull 5. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Nazi Party Rome-Berlin Axis Washington Naval Treaty Tripartite Pact Ethiopia in 1935 Johnson Debt Default Act Senator Gerald Nye Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 17. Spanish Civil War 18. Francisco Franco 19. Loyalist Regime 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Arms embargo “Quarantine Speech” The Panay Rhineland Austria Sudetenland Munich Appeasement nonaggression treaty September 1, 1939 “cash and carry basis” Dunkirk Winston Churchill Conscription law Battle of Britain 35. Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies 36. America First Committee 37. Destroyers for Bases 38. Wendell L. Wilkie 39. Lend-Lease Bill 40. Robin Moor 41. Atlantic Charter 42. Greer 43. Kearny 44. Reuben James 45. Pearl Harbor Homework Directions: Read the chapter and complete the following: 1. Complete American Pageant Study Guide. 2. Complete the Five Minute Drill for one Analysis Question Chapter 35 Study Guide The London Conference 1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies? Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians 2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines? Becoming a Good Neighbor 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain. Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. Storm-Cellar Isolationism 5. What were the reasons for American isolationism? Congress Legislates Neutrality 6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war? America Dooms Loyalist Spain 7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? Appeasing Japan and Germany 8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality 9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? The Fall of France 10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust 11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's? Why did America have difficulty recognizing the reality of the Holocaust? Explain. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) 12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940) 13. Write the story of the 1940 election. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law 14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter 15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash 16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war? Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor 17. How did American actions contribute to Japan's decision to attack Pearl Harbor? America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent 18. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. GREAT DEBATES IN AMERICAN HISTORY: GREAT DEBATE (1939–1941) 19. Isolationism versus internationalism. Should the United States move away from isolationist neutrality and toward aiding the Allies in the fight against Hitler? Explain. Yes: The internationalists, led by President Roosevelt and the administration; most big-business leaders and cosmopolitan city-dwellers; the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, led by William Allen White. No: The isolationists, led by the America First Committee and Charles A. Lindbergh; some senators and representatives, led by William Borah, Robert Taft, and Hamilton Fish; some writers, like Charles Beard and Harry Elmer Barnes; some smallbusiness and ethnic groups, especially in the Midwest; some leftists and socialists, led by Norman Thomas. 20. ISSUE #1: Isolation. Should the United States have any interest in events overseas? Explain. Yes: Internationalist Roosevelt: “It becomes clearer and clearer that the world will be a shabby and dangerous place to live in—yes, even for Americans to live in—if it is ruled by force in the hands of a few.…I hope that we shall have fewer American ostriches in our midst. It is not good for the ultimate health of ostriches to bury their heads in the sand.” No: Isolationist poet Oliver Allstrom: “Over there,” there’s mud and shedding of blood And tongues confusing and strange. So why lend a hand to an alien band Whose dreams we can never change? “No, no,” comes the cry from the U.S. sky, “We’ll never be Allied tools. Nor again parade in a foreign brigade Like saps in a squad of fools.” “And Europe may strut through its bloody rut And scheme with her Babel-snares. But we’ll stay home, this side of the foam And mind our own affairs!” 21. ISSUE #2: Democracy. Are the Allies fighting for the democratic principles America believes in? Explain. Yes: Internationalist Congressman Jerry Voorhis: “I have an interest in the way of life wherein free men can freely struggle to better their conditions, freely worship and believe according to their own conscience.…I know that this is not possible in a Nazi- or Communist-dominated nation. So…to aid Great Britain and the other nations attempting to resist the totalitarians has become part of American policy.” No: Isolationist Congressman Hamilton Fish: “The cause for which Hitler has thrown the German masses into war is damnably unholy. But the war of Chamberlain and Reynaud is not thereby rendered holy. The fact that Hitler is the opponent does not make the Allied war a fight for democracy.…The Allied governments have no idealism in the conflict, no war aims worthy of the sacrifice…of their peoples.…” 22. ISSUE #3: War. Will aiding the Allies inevitably lead the United States into war? Explain. No: Internationalist Roosevelt: “There is a far less chance of the United States getting into war if we do all we can now to support the nations defending themselves against attack by the Axis than if we acquiesce in their defeat, submit tamely to an Axis victory, and wait our turn to be the object of attack in Yes: Isolationist Senator Arthur Vandenberg: “When H.R. 1776 [lend-lease] passed the Senate…we did vastly more than ‘aid Britain.’ We have thrown ourselves squarely into the power politics and the power wars of Europe, Asia, and Africa.…We have said to Britain, ‘We will see you another war later on.…There is no demand for sending an American Expeditionary Force outside our own borders. There is no intention by any member of your government to send such a force. You can, therefore, nail any talk about sending armies to Europe as deliberate untruth.” through to victory.’ And it would be unbelievably dishonorable for us to stop short of full participation in the war if that be necessary to a victory.…But I fear this means we must actively engage in the war ourselves.” 23. ISSUE #4: War and democracy. Would another war require dictatorial methods and destroy democracy within the United States? Explain. No: Internationalist Roosevelt: “I reject the idea that only by abandoning our freedom, our ideals, our way of life, can we build our defenses adequately, can we match the strength of the aggressors.…I do not share these fears.” Yes: Isolationist socialist Norman Thomas: “The method of modern totalitarian warfare is selfdefeating in terms of ideal ends. War itself is the only victor. Each particular war begets its more deadly successors. Intolerance, dictatorship, brutality, are its inevitable accompaniments.…” REFERENCES: William Langer and S. Everett Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940 (1952); Kenneth Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937–1940 (1993); Wayne Cole, Charles Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II (1974). Analysis Questions “Man has become great through struggle.…Whatever goal man has reached is due to his originality plus his brutality.…Through all the centuries force and power are the determining factors.…” Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) (Mein Kampf, 1924) “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight in the fields and streets, we shall fight in the hills, we shall never surrender.” Winston Churchill (1874–1965) (Speech, 1940) “It may be asked how could the Soviet government have consented to conclude a non-aggression pact with such perfidious…fiends as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was this not an error on the part of the Soviet government? No.…We secured to our country peace for a year and a half and the opportunity of preparing our forces.” Joseph Stalin (1879– 1953) (1941) 1. Why did the neutrality laws fail to prevent America’s growing involvement with the military conflicts in Europe and Asia? 2. How did the process of American entry into World War II compare with the entry into World War I? 3. Would it have been more straightforward of Roosevelt to have openly called for a declaration of war against Hitler rather than increasing involvement gradually while claiming that he did not want war? 4. Would the United States have entered World War II even if the Japanese had not attacked Pearl Harbor? 5 President Franklin Roosevelt was naïve and ineffective in his conduct of foreign policy from 1933 and 1941. To what extent and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this statement. (71) 6 The term “isolationism “ does not adequately describe the reality of either United States foreign policy or America’s relationships with other nations during the period from Washington’s Farewell Address 1796 to 1940. Assess the validity of this generalization. (76) 7 War has frequently had unexpected consequences for the United States foreign policy but has seldom resulted in major reorientations of policy. Discuss with reference to the First and Second world wars giving about equal attention to each. (78) 8 Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the United States adopted an official policy of neutrality. Compare the policy and its modifications during the period 1914-17 to the policy and its modifications during 1939-41. (82) 9 To what extent and why did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920’s and 1930’s? (98) HISTORIC NOTES The US withdrawal from the London Economic conference illustrates FDR’s determination not to associate his New Deal (inflationary) agenda with an international attempt to combat the effects of global depression by stabilizing international currencies. The Spanish Civil War is a prelude to WWII in that the two major fascist powers, Germany and Italy, provide economic and military aid to help General Franco defeat Spain’s Loyalists. The Loyalists get assistance from the Soviet Union and volunteers from many countries. Western governments, however, remains aloof to the plight of the antifascist forces. To forestall another bloodbath like WWI, Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement in dealing with German, Italian, and Japanese aggression and territorial expansion. In the summer of 1939, the world is stunned to learn the ideological archenemies Germany and USSR have signed a nonaggression pact. To assist Britain, which stood alone against Germany after the fall of France in 1940, FDR circumvents the neutrality acts, giving the British destroyers in return for British military bases. The next step in providing much needed aid to Britain is the Lend-lease Act. Six months after the German invasion of the USSR, Japan launches a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor bringing the US into the war. Many historians maintain that the US adopted an isolationist policy or, at the very least, a policy of neutrality in the interwar years, pointing to the refusal to join the League of Nations and to support the Loyalist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Other historians challenge this interpretation and cite the numerous cases of US intervention in the postWWI era as well as the economic and political agreements and treaties made with foreign governments. In 1940, FDR sought an unprecedented thirds term as president. The Constitution placed no limits on how many terms one could serve, but George Washington had, set a tradition that had been followed ever since. Chapter 36 America in World War II, 1941–1945 CHAPTER THEMES Theme: Unified by Pearl Harbor, America effectively carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society. Theme: Following its “get Hitler first” strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule. The slower strategy of “island-hopping” against Japan also proceeded successfully until the atomic bomb brought a sudden end to World War II. CHAPTER SUMMARY America was wounded but roused to national unity by Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt settled on a fundamental strategy of dealing with Hitler first, while doing just enough in the Pacific to block the Japanese advance. With the ugly exception of the Japanese-American concentration camps, World War II proceeded in the United States without the fanaticism and violations of civil liberties that occurred in World War I. The economy was effectively mobilized, using new sources of labor such as women and Mexican braceros. Numerous African Americans and Indians also left their traditional rural homelands and migrated to war-industry jobs in the cities of the North and West. The war brought full employment and prosperity, as well as enduring social changes, as millions of Americans were uprooted and thrown together in the military and in new communities across the country. Unlike European and Asian nations, however, the United States experienced relatively little economic and social devastation from the war. The tide of Japanese conquest was stemmed at the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea, and American forces then began a slow strategy of “island hopping” toward Tokyo. Allied troops first invaded North Africa and Italy in 1942–1943, providing a small, compromise “second front” that attempted to appease the badly weakened Soviet Union as well as the anxious British. The real second front came in June 1944 with the D-Day invasion of France. The Allies moved rapidly across France, but faced a setback in the Battle of the Bulge in the Low Countries. Meanwhile, American capture of the Marianas Islands established the basis for extensive bombing of the Japanese home islands. Roosevelt won a fourth term as Allied troops entered Germany and finally met the Russians, bringing an end to Hitler’s rule in May 1945. After a last round of brutal warfare on Okinawa and Iwo Jima, the dropping of two atomic bombs ended the war against Japan in August 1945. Extra Credit Opportunities: : 1) Note Cards: Analyze the following terms; include historical context, chronology, drawing conclusions, and cause/effect where appropriate. Each note card you complete is worth one extra credit point; pick the terms you need the most help with to understand. . 2) Answer questions in bulleted format (1 pt per question/& Notecard to equal 100). 1. Korematsu v. US 2. War Production Board 3. Office of Price Administration 4. War Labor Board 5. Smith-Connally AntiStrike Act 6. WAACS 7. WAVES 8. SPARS 9. GI 10. Braceros 11. Rosie the Riveter 12. Fair Employment Practices Commission 13. code talkers 14. rationing 15. Office of Scientific Research and Development 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Douglas MacArthur Bataan Death March Coral Sea Midway Island Chester W. Nimitz Raymond A. Spruance Guadalcanal leapfrogging Marianas B-29 wolf packs Enigma Erwin Rommel Bernard Montgomery El Alamein Stalingrad Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower 33. unconditional surrender 34. Teheran 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. D-Day George S. Patton Thomas E. Dewey Harry S. Truman Battle of the Bulge Holocaust VE Day fire bomb raid Leyte Island Iwo Jima Okinawa kamikazes Potsdam Conference Manhattan Project Hiroshima Nagasaki VJ Day Homework Directions: Read the chapter and complete the following: 1. Complete American Pageant Study Guide. 2. Complete the Five Minute Drill for one Analysis Question Chapter 36 Study Guide The Allies Trade Space for Time 1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain. The Shock of War 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? Building the War Machine 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor? Makers of America: The Japanese 4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble? Manpower and Womanpower 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war? Wartime Migrations 6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities? Holding the Homefront 7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war on the homefront? The Rising Sun in the Pacific 8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. Japan's High Tide at Midway 9. Why was Midway an important battle? American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo 10. Describe the strategy the United States use to defeat the Japanese? The Allied Halting of Hitler 11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome 12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. D-Day: June 6, 1944 13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war? FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? Roosevelt Defeats Dewey 15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey? The Last Days of Hitler 16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. Japan Dies Hard 17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section. The Atomic Bombs 18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? The Allies Triumphant 19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. In light of the discussion in this section, evaluate the atomic bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki and the fire-bombing of Dresden & Tokyo. EXPANDING THE “VARYING VIEWPOINTS” Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy (rev. ed., 1985). A view of the atomic bomb as aimed at Russia rather than Japan: “The decision to use the weapon did not derive from overriding military considerations.…Before the atomic bomb was dropped each of the Joint Chiefs of Staff advised that it was highly likely that Japan could be forced to surrender ‘unconditionally,’ without use of the bomb and without an invasion.…Unquestionably, political considerations related to Russia played a major role in the decision; from at least mid-May American policy makers hoped to end the hostilities before the Red Army entered Manchuria.…A combat demonstration was needed to convince the Russians to accept the American plan for a stable peace.” Martin Sherwin, A World Destroyed (1975). A view of the atomic bomb as primarily aimed at Japan: “Caught between the remnants of war and the uncertainties of peace, policymakers and scientists were trapped by their own unquestioned assumptions.…The secret development of this terrible weapon, during a war fought for a total victory, created a logic of its own: a quest for a total solution of a set of related problems that appeared incapable of being resolved incrementally.…As Szilard first suggested in January 1944, the bomb might provide its own solution.…The decision to use the bomb to end the war could no longer be distinguished from the desire to use it to stabilize the peace.” QUESTIONS ABOUT THE “VARYING VIEWPOINTS” 21. Assess the validity of the claim that the dropping of the bombs on Japan was not so much an attempt to end the war against the Japanese, as it was “the first salvos in the emerging Cold War.” 22. What does each of these historians see as American officials’ thinking about the relationship between the bomb and the ending of the war against Japan? What does each regard as the primary reason for the use of the bomb? 23. What conclusions might be drawn from each of these views about the political and moral justifications for dropping the bomb? Could the use of the atomic bombs have been avoided? Analysis Questions “This is an hour of crisis.…To American Negroes, it is the denial of jobs in government defense projects. It is racial discrimination in government departments. It is widespread Jim-Crowism in the armed forces of the Nation.…What a runaround! What a disgrace! What a blow below the belt!” A. Philip Randolph (1889–1979) (Call for March on Washington, 1941) “When I joined the Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of all my boyish hopes and dreams.…I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular barrack ballads of that day, which proclaimed, most proudly, that ‘Old soldiers never die. They just fade away.’ And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away.” Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) (Speech to Congress, 1951) “Americans love to fight, traditionally. All real Americans love the sting and clash of battle. America loves a winner. America will not tolerate a loser.” George Patton (1885–1945) (Speech to his troops before D-Day, 1944) 1. 2. 3. 4. How did America’s domestic response to World War II differ from its reaction to World War I? What was the wisest strategic decision in World War II, and what was the most questionable? How were the European and Pacific wars similar and how were they different? What was the significance of the dropping of the atomic bomb, then and now? 5 Account for the increased urbanization of Black Americans in the period 1914 to 1945. (72) HISTORIC NOTES Early in the war, Germany, Japan, and Italy have considerable military success. The Allies, except for France, which had surrendered in 1940, are fortunate not to be overwhelmed completely. Fearing that they will be disloyal, FDR orders the detention of Japanese Americans, a serious violation of basic American civil rights. Millions die in the Holocaust, a systematic attempt by the Nazis to destroy those they consider to be inferior – Slavs, the mentally ill, homosexuals, political prisoners, and, especially, Jews. The war occasions extensive demographic changes. Urban areas expand to meet the demand for labor in war-related industries. Rural and less-developed areas in the West and Southwest grow as well, a result of receiving government military contracts. As in every American war, blacks contribute significantly in WWII despite the obstacles placed before them. But the military will not be desegregated until 1948. The considerable financial resources needed to wage war drive up the national debt. In fact, New Deal spending pales in comparison with wartime military expenditures. The success of the D-Day landing in the summer of 1944 affords the Allies a bridgehead in France from which they can move inland and ultimately invade Germany itself. With the USSR counterattacking from the east and the British and Americans closing in from the west, Hitler’s Third Reich is doomed. In April, 1945, shortly after Hitler killed himself, Germany surrenders, a victory FDR does not see, having died suddenly the month before. With the war in Europe over, the Allies turn all of their attention to defeating Japan. After bloody battles in the Pacific, Truman orders atomic bombs cropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, inflicting enormous civilian casualties. Japan soon surrenders. Women play an important role in the war effort; they replace male workers who were in the military and fill supporting roles in the military. In 1944 FDR won reelection for a 4th term, in large part because of military success and grassroots support from the CIO and other organized labor political action groups. Advanced Placement United States History Topic Outline 21. The Second World War A. The rise of fascism and militarism in Japan, Italy, and Germany B. Prelude to war: policy of neutrality C. The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States declaration of war D. Fighting a multifront war E. Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime conferences F. The United States as a global power in the Atomic Age 22. The Home Front During the War A. Wartime mobilization of the economy B. Urban migration and demographic changes C. Women, work, and family during the war D. Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime E. War and regional development F. Expansion of government power