Download “高级职业英语” 第3﹑4单元学习辅导

“高级职业英语” 第 3﹑4 单元学习辅导
学习辅导(1)
Malcolm is a Probation Officer, and he explains what that
means. Do you remember the following questions asked in the
video? If you missed out in the video, here are the questions. Read
what Malcolm says and find the answers to the questions.
1. What does Malcolm say is the problem with sending people to
prison?
2. What are the four principles behind probation work?
3. What are the three major choices the magistrate has when
passing sentence on a criminal?
Text
My lecture’s going to cover the basic assumptions underlying
the job, why we do that job, the values underlying the work, and
how we do the job, and I will end with a very brief case study to
give you some example.
So first of all to look at the basis of the job, why we do it. We
feel that actually if you send people to prison it makes bad people
worse, and the best way to do this is to work with people in the
community rather than sending them into custody, which gives
you a much greater chance of actually confronting their offending.
Erm so that is why we do the job. In order to that we have a
number of values that inform our behavior. First of all we will
treat people with respect - you cannot work with people if you do
not respect them. Secondly, we will challenge their behavior, our
job is to change people’s behavior so that if they have offended
in the past, they will not offend in the future. Thirdly, we have to
take account of the victim’s perspective, that is, we have to get
offenders to take account of what they have done to victims. And
lastly we have to treat everyone equally and fairly.
We then move on to how we actually do the job. When someone
is arrested in England they go to the Magistrate’s Court and
then actually are dealt with by the court in order to decide whether
they have pleaded guilty or what sentences they should pass. To
help the magistrates and the court to do this we actually write a
report for the court so that the magistrates know what to do with
the offender. This report is called a pre-sentence report, and we
in fact write this with a whole set of details about why the person
has committed the offences, and what would be in our view the
best sentence for them.
In courts in Britain they have a range of options to carry out, for
example, they could place somebody on probation, that is, an
offender gives their word not to commit any further offences. If
they do this, they are placed on a probation order, which means
that they have to see me once a week, they have to live where I
tell them, and they have to be of good behaviour. If they do not do
this, then they are taken back to court and the court can sentence
them to custody.
Another form of community sentence is in fact placing them on
community service, this is where the offender has to repay the
community by way of unpaid work. For example, they will paint
houses of old people, help handicapped people, dig gardens of old
people, just as a way of paying back the debt they have incurred to
society.
Of course also, if they do not get placed on probation or
community service, they can in fact be sent to custody, and in our
country if you are sent to custody for longer than twelve months,
on release you are placed on something called license, which
means that on release you have to report to a probation officer and
live where we say, but again if you commit further offences you
can go back to prison for the other offence.
And also in Britain we give a lot of time to young offenders, if
you are under 21 in Britain you go to a special Young Offenders
Institution, in custody, and we do a lot of work with people in
custody in terms of finding them somewhere to live, and jobs, and
the like on release.
Lastly I think it is worth saying that in England there is no life
sentence, so if someone - er no execution, so if someone actually
commits murder, they are sent to prison for life - that doesn’t
mean they will spend the whole of their natural life in prison, it
means that at some point they will be released, but they are on
license to the probation service for the rest of their life, living
where we tell them and seeing us regularly.
So, I will end this lecturette by just outlining a very brief case
study. And this is about a young man, or a middle-aged man
called John, who was 32 years of age, he had a long history of
stealing motor cars and breaking into homes, burglary. He was
placed on community service after something like seven previous
offences of burglary and theft of cars, after assessment of his risk
and his ability, we placed him in a project where he worked with
disabled people who were unable to walk, and actually he was
involved with them taking them swimming. Now some disabled
people get a lot from swimming, so what John did was actually
went into the swimming pool with them, helped them learned to
swim and swim with them. He did this very successfully and
completed his order, and in fact when he completed the order and it wasn’t easy for him because on a number of occasions he
actually cried seeing the condition of these people, on completing
the order he carried on being a volunteer with this project, and to
my certain knowledge has not offended for the last two years, so
you see that a sentence in the community - this man had been to
prison previously for his offences - and at the right time and at the
right place a sentence in the community, a community sentence, is
a way of stopping crime and protecting the public.
Words & Expressions
confronting to face up to something, to deal with it - Malcolm
later uses the word “challenge” in the same way
custody can mean simply guardianship - children can be put into
custody if they are neglected by their parents - but here it means
imprisonment
challenge a slightly unusual use of the word, though its meaning
is clear: we normally challenge an idea or an argument; here it
means to confront or show disapproval for the behaviour
victim a person against whom a crime has been committed; also
someone injured in an accident, or sacrificed in a religious rite
perspective point of view or situation of the victim
magistrates’ court All crimes first go to a magistrates’ court usually three unpaid lay magistrates assisted by a qualified legal
clerk; if they consider a crime too serious (eg murder, rape etc) it
will go to a Crown Court to be tried by a professional judge and a
jury.
pre-sentence report The magistrates pass sentence on a guilty
prisoner, and naturally take into account advice from the police
and the probation service to do so.
probation The word is connected with “prove” and can be used
in other circumstances, for example a beginning teacher may be
on probation for the first year.
community service does not have to refer only to a punishment many retired people like to do some form of unpaid community
service, for example, as a way of remaining active and useful
execution Capital punishment (the death penalty by hanging) was
abolished in Britain in 1965; it has been similarly abolished by
most European countries.
prison for life A life sentence is not for life in practice - on
average it is 20 years in prison - but the offender remains on
license for the rest of his/her life.
case study a record of a particular case history which can stand
as an example of more general principles
Answers to the Questions
1. Sending people to prison just makes bad people worse.
2. First they treat people with respect; secondly they challenge
their behavior - that means they try to change it, explain that it is
wrong - thirdly they take the victim’s perspective - that means
that they make the criminal think about the person he
committed the crime against, the victim, and fourthly,
they treat everyone equally and fairly.
3. The first choice is on probation. The second choice is
community service. The third choice is custody or prison.
Some other possible comprehension questions
1. What is Malcolm’s preferred method of dealing with offenders?
2. What are some examples of community service that Malcolm
gives?
3. What does “on license” mean?
4. What age is a “young offender”?
5. What kind of help does the probation service try to give to
people in custody?
Answers to the extra questions
1. community service
2. paint houses of old people, help handicapped people, dig
gardens of old people
3. report once a week, live where they are told to, and be of good
behavior
4. under 21
5. find them somewhere to live and a job
Topics for further discussion
1. Compare this description of the probation service with the
system in China. Is there anything similar?
2. Do you think it is valuable to confront the offenders with their
behavior, and in particular to make them look at the effect of their
crime on the victim?
3. In Britain, many people are still in favour of capital punishment,
even though it has been abolished. What do you think are the
arguments for and against?
4. In the case study about John, what was it that caused him to try
to lead a better life?
学习辅导(2)
More Practice with Reading
The following reading materials are provided by the
Beijing TV University.
Skim the following passage and try to find any word or phrase to
describe the sources of nutrients such as contain, be rich in etc.
What do you eat every day? Try to find what nutrients are contained
in them.
Food Types
Food keeps you healthy and strong and helps you grow
because it contains five important nutrients that are vital for
life. You need them all, Plus fibre and water, to stay well.
The nutrients found in food are divided into five groups –
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Some
foods are rich in one particular nutrient but most contain a
mixture of nutrients – for instance, milk is high in protein and
also contains fat and vitamins; fruit contains vitamins, minerals
and carbohydrates.
Some foods contain fibre (also known as roughage) and
most contain water. Strictly speaking, fibre and water are not
nutrients, but they are important parts of a healthy diet.
Proteins are large complicated molecules made up of
smaller units called amino acids. The word protein comes from
the Greek word protos, meaning first. Milk, cheese, meat, fish,
eggs, nuts and beans are all rich in proteins.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They
can be in the form of starches in potatoes, cereals, bread, rice
and pasta, or as sugars in foods such as biscuits, cakes, jam,
fizzy drinks and sweets. There are many forms of sugar – the
one used to sweeten tea is sucrose from sugar cane or sugar
beet; honey contains fructose; lactose is found in milk; maltose
in malt; and glucose in grapes. Many processed foods contain
added sugar – even savoury foods like baked beans and soup.
Fats consist of a thick fluid called glycerol and fatty acids.
Like carbohydrates, they contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Oils are fats, too, but they are liquid at room temperature.
Butter, margarine, cheese, oily fish, nuts and meat all contain
fats.
Vitamins are chemical substances that exist naturally in a
wide variety of foods including fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and
eggs. The word vitamin comes from the Latin word vita (life).
Minerals, such as zinc, potassium and calcium and
calcium, are natural inorganic (non-living ) substances found
in many foods. For instance, red meat and green leafy
vegetables contain iron, and salt contains sodium. Sea salt
(evaporated sea water ) contains sodium and iodine.
Fibre is found in plant foods like fruit, vegetables, nuts,
beans and wholemeal bread and pasta. Most fibre cannot be
digested, but it absorbs water as it passes through the gut,
making solid waste bulky and soft so it is easier to get rid of .
Water transports materials around the body and helps
remove waste products. Much of the water you need comes
from food , such as zinc, potassium and calcium and calcium,
are natural inorganic (non-living ) substances found in many
foods. For instance, red meat and green leafy vegetables
contain iron, and salt contains sodium. Sea salt (evaporated
sea water ) contains sodium and iodine.
What’s in the food you eat?
Feast ’s in the food you eat?
Feast your eyes on this banquet – fruit, vegetables, fish,
pasta, milk, eggs, cheese and sweets. A wide variety of foods
like this contains all of the five main groups of nutrients, plus
fibre and water.
Fruit and vegetables
Contain a lot of water, some carbohydrate and protein.
They are full of vitamins, fibre and minerals and they have
very little fat.
Dairy products provide a wide range of nutrients. Butter is
mostly fat. Eggs, cheese and milk are full of protein and
vitamins.
Pasta and bread are starchy energy-providing carbohydrates
with a little protein. Wholemeal bread contains vitamins.
Sugary foods such as sweets, biscuits and cakes are mostly
sugary carbohydrates with some fat, a little protein and a few
vitamins.
Fish is mostly protein with fat. It contains many vitamins and
minerals. Meat and poultry are also rich in these nutrients.
? Did you know
Body composition
The average human body consists of about 60% water,
16.5% protein, 15%fat, 6% minerals, 1.5% carbohydrates,
and 1% vitamins.
The body is two-thirds water. You can survive for weeks
without food but only for a few days without water.
————————————————————————
Healthy Eating
All the food you eat contains nutrients that are
essential raw materials for life.
However, no single food has all the nutrients your
body needs, so, to stay fit and healthy. You must eat a
variety of food types in the right amounts.
The food you eat every day is called your diet. It’s
impossible to say what the ideal diet is exactly, as it
depends on your age, the climate you live in and how
active you are. However, there are general rules that
everyone should stick to. For your body to work
efficiently you need to eat from each of the five food
groups. You also need fibre and water. This is called
following a balanced diet.
Each food group has an important job to do. Protein is a
body builder – it makes up the cell tissue that builds you
up. Fats and carbohydrates provide you with energy.
Vitamins give you clear skin, strong bones and healthy
blood; and small, regular amounts of minerals help to
keep your body working efficiently.
About half the body’s nutrients should come from
carbohydrates. Especially starchy foods like cereals.
Many manufacturers label food to tell you how much
protein, fat and so on it contains. The letters
RDA(Recommended Daily Allowance) tell you how
much of each of the food’s nutrients you need each day.
Food for repair and maintenance
Protein helps replace worn out and damaged parts of
your body. Young people, in particular, need plenty of
protein to make up body tissue as they grow.
Your body breaks down the proteins you eat – in foods
such as meat and nuts – into amino acids. These are
absorbed into your bloodstream and from there they are
sent out to repair and build up your body or to make
enzymes and hormones. There are about 20 amino acids
in all, eight of these are essential amino acids.
Your body cannot make them itself, so you have to get
them from food. You cannot store protein so you need to
eat it regularly.
Food for energy
You need energy for everything that goes on in your body
You need energy for everything that goes on in your body
– from moving your limbs to thinking. Even when you
are asleep your body uses energy to keep your heart
beating, your lungs breathing and your body warm.
Carbohydrates in the form of sugar and starch are a
major source of energy. Sugars in foods like sweets and
cakes give you energy and nothing else. If you eat too
many of them, they rot your teeth and make you fat.
Starchy foods – such as potatoes and cereals – are a
much better and more long lasting source of energy. They
also contain protein and vitamins.
Fat gives you twice as much energy as carbohydrates and
contain vitamins A, D and E. Your body also uses fat to
cushion delicate internal organs. You need some fat in
your diet but it is easy to eat too much. Your body cannot
change excess fat into energy – instead it deposits it in
layers under your skin. Overweight people can reduce
their fat intake by eating low fat foods and drinking
skimmed milk.
There are two sorts of fats – saturated (mainly from
animals) and unsaturated (mainly from plants). Most
doctors believe that unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and
sunflower oil, are healthier than saturates, such as lard
and butter, which can increase your cholesterol level
Vegetarians and vegans
People who do not eat meat or fish are called
vegetarians. Vegans go one step further and eat no animal
products at all – including butter, eggs, milk, cheese and
cream. Some follow these diets because they feel it is
wrong to harm animals, while others have religious
reasons. Many people nowadays do not eat meat because
they think it is unhealthy.
Vegetarians and vegans must ensure they get all the
nutrients they need. Milk can be replaced with a soya
substitute, margarine from plant sources such as
sunflowers and olives can replace butter, and there are
cheeses made without animal products. Pulses and soya
products – especially tofu (soya bean curd) and TVP
(Textured Vegetable Protein) – are high in protein.
Dietary problems
People’s diets vary from country to country and this
can affect their health. If a diet is poor and people
become under-nourished, they are probably suffering
from malnutrition. Many developing countries have this
problem because people do not have enough to eat or
cannot afford a balanced diet. Food shortages are
particularly dangerous for children. Without a well
balanced diet they do not grow properly.
In the Western world, some people eat too much of the
wrong sorts of foods (fats and sugars) and become very
fat (obese). This is unhealthy because carrying too much
bodyweight strains the heart and can eventually cause
heart attacks.
Sometimes diet problems are caused by the lack of
certain nutrients or vitamins. Insufficient vitamin D can
lead to rickets – children’s bones do not develop
properly and become deformed. Lack of vitamin C leads
to scurvy – the gums bleed and wounds do not heal
properly. Not enough protein in the diet causes
kwashiorkor – the abdomen becomes bloated and
balloon-shaped.
Fibre is useful for people who are watching their weight
– it is filling and low in calories. It is also said to be
helpful in preventing diseases of the intestines and in
reducing cholesterol levels. Wholemeal bread and brown
rice are excellent sources of fibre.
Cholesterol is a fat in the tissues of your body. Eating
too much saturated fat is believed to increase your
cholesterol level. Cholesterol can clog up your arteries,
making it more difficult for your heart to push blood
through them. High cholesterol levels can lead to high
blood pressure and heart disease. Changing to unsaturated
fats and eating plenty of fibre-rich foods can reduce the
build-up of cholesterol.
Food Types
Words and Expressions
1. nutrient 营养
43. cereals 豆类食品
物
2. fibre 纤维质
44. haemoglobin 血红
蛋白
3. protein 蛋白
45. marrow 骨髓
质
4. carbohydrate
46. anaemia 贫血
碳水化合物
5. roughage 纤
维质食物
47. cod liver oil 鱼肝
油
6. molecule 分
子
48. thyroxine 甲状腺
素
7. amino acids
氨基酸
49. fluorine 氟
8. starch 淀粉
50. enamel 珐琅质
9. pasta 不同形
51. vegan 连鸡蛋、牛
状的面食
奶都不吃的绝对素食者
10. cereal 谷物
11. fizzy drinks
汽水
12. sucrose 蔗
糖
13. burger 加进
肉菜等的面包
14. faceful 一脸
的容量
15. ketchup 番
茄酱
16. fructose 果
糖
52. soya 大豆
53. sunflowers 向日葵
54. olives 橄榄
55. pulse 豆类植物
56. TVP 粗糙的植物
蛋白
57. under-nourished 营
养不良的
17. lactose 乳糖
18. maltose 麦
芽糖
19. malt 麦芽
20. glucose 葡
萄糖
21. savoury
foods 咸辣食品
22. glycerol 甘
油
23. zinc 锌
24. margarine
麦淇淋,人造黄油
25. potassium
钾
58. malnutrition 营养
不良，营养失调
59. goody 糖果
60. bargain for 预期，
指望
61. obesity 肥胖症
62. clog 堵塞
63. artery 动脉
64. ricket 佝偻病
65. deformed 畸形的
66. scurvy 坏血病
67. kwashiorkor 夸希
26. calcium 钙
奥科病（恶性营养不良
病）
27. inorganic 无
机的
68. filling 填补物
28. sodium 钠
69. intestines 肠
29. evaporate 蒸
70. cholesterol 胆固醇
发
30. iodine 碘
71. tissues of your body
人体的组织
72. saturated fat 饱和
31. wholemeal
bread 全麦面包
脂肪
32. pasta 意大
利面食
73. basal metabolic rate
(BMR)基础代谢率
33. gut 肠道
74. kilojoules 千焦耳
34. make sth.
75. wriggle 扭动
bulky 使成块
35. feast one's
eyes on sth. 尽情
欣赏，饱眼福
76. strenuous 艰辛的，
紧张的
36. tofu 豆腐
77. abdomen 腹（部）
37. impulse 刺
78. bloated 肿胀的
激，冲力
38. contract 收
缩
79. clog up one’s
arteries 堵塞…动脉
39. poultry 家禽
40. lentils 扁豆
80. unsaturated fat 不
饱和脂肪
81. clogged arteries 堵
塞的动脉
41. hormone 荷
尔蒙
82. cardiac muscle 心
肌
42. insulin 胰岛
素
学习辅导(3)
More practice with speaking
(The following two dialogues are chosen from Person to Person)
Model Dialogue 1

Read the following dialogue. Try to find as many phrases/sentence patterns as possible
that you may use later when talking about likes and dislikes.

Replace all the words relating to music with those relating to food and make up your own
dialogue.
Cathy: Oh, hey, can you turn that up a little?
Dick: Sure…Do you like jazz?
Cathy: Oh, yes, I love it.
Dick: Really? So do I. What kind of jazz do you like?
Cathy: Oh, all kinds, but especially fusion.
Dick: How do you like Dixieland?
Cathy: It’s all right, but I’m not really crazy about it.
Dick: No. Neither am I. I like a mellow sound. What’s your favourite
band?
Cathy: Well, I think I like Chuck Mangione bet.
Dick: Me, too. I think he’s terrific. Do you like going to concerts?
Cathy: Sure, but I like listening to records better. I can’t stand mobs
of pushy people.
Dick: Yeah, I know what you mean.
Model Dialogue 2



Read the following dialogue. Try to find any phrase/sentence that can be used to express
the idea of giving/taking advice.
Make up your own dialogue about giving/taking dietary advice.
Give ten safety suggestions by using as many different phrases/sentence patterns as
possible, such as You’d better…. ; You should… etc.
Joan: Hello
Betty: Oh hi, Joan. It’s Betty. How are you doing?
Joan: Terrible.
Betty: Oh, what’s the matter?
Joan: I’ve already tried that. But it didn’t help.
Betty: Well, maybe you should go to the health centre and see a doctor.
Joan:
Yeah, I guess I should, but you know how I hate doctors.
Betty: Well, you’d better stay in bed at least. You really sound sick.
Joan:
Yeah, that sounds like good advice, I will. I just want to
finish reading this article for English class.
Betty: You know, you really shouldn’t try to do any work right now.
If I were you, I’d just lie down and take it easy for a while.
Joan: Yeah, I guess you’re right.
学习辅导(4)
More practice with writing
The following three passages are the writing assignments
(Professional Development) provided by the students from BTVU.


Read the following three passages and feel free to make any corrections about it and give
your reasons for the changes.
These three passages will be put online again on Mar 30 for public discussion. So you
may voice your opinions then.
Passage 1
I left middle school in 1975. I then went to countryside for one year. After that, I
learnt car repairing as apprentice to a master mechanic in a transport company for
three years. I then spent four years as a student to major in Computer Science
Department in Steel and Iron University. After that, my job involved making
computer program and became a computer engineer in Computer center of Steel and
Iron Company for eight years and then worked in the Legend Computer Company in
1988. I transferred to No. 4 middle school in 1989 and taught computer science as a
senior computer teacher. I then went to abroad for researching and working in
computer field and studied English as well about two years. Now my full time job is
still a computer teacher meanwhile I attend a course major in English in Beijing TV &
Broadcast University in my spare time.
Passage 2
I left senior middle school in 1994. Then I did an English Education course for two
years. During that time, I also studied the computer and BEC course for one year.
After that, I worked as an English teacher in a middle school in Chaoyang District for
two years, and I taught two classes of the same grade. I then did a secretarial course in
1998, and became a secretary six months later. Since September of 1999, I have been
studying Help Yourself to Advanced English at Beijing Dian Da for about six months.
I will have finished the course in three years.
Passage 3
I left school in 1990. I then became a teacher of English. I worked in NO. 37 Middle
school for four years. The first year, I was just a subject teacher. My job involved
organizing teaching, daily registration, time-tables and exams. The next year, I was
not only a subject teacher, but also a head of class. So besides doing those things, I
was in charge of taking care of the students. After that, I worked in No. 35 Middle
school till now. I only teach English lessons here, five sessions per week. I have more
spare time. I want to upgrade my English from intermediate to advanced levels and to
be a good teacher. I began to study in Xi Cheng District Central Radio & Television
University in September., 1999. I became a long-distance learner.