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Organisms release energy stored in food through the process of cellular respiration I. Energy is the capacity or ability to perform ______________________ A. Work is performed when ___________ is moved in a direction it would not move if left alone 1. Energy makes ___________ possible 2. All organisms require ____________ to stay alive and function 3. Examples of biological work: a. __________________________ b. __________________________ c. ___________________________ d. ____________________________ e. ____________________________ B. Cells get the ___________________ they need to do ____________ from ________________ which was produced in the process of __________________ 1. The food we eat is broken down in our ______________________________ a. Proteins are broken down into ______________________________ b. Carbohydrates are broken down into _________________________ c. Lipids are broken down into ________________ and _____________ d. Nucleic acids are broken down into _________________________ 2. The food we eat that is broken down travels through our ____________ to the ____________ (referred to as __________________________________) 3. Cells brake down nutrient molecules, in particular ____________________ to release __________________ to make _______________ 1 II. The two basic forms of energy are _________ energy and _____________ energy A. ________ energy is energy that is actually doing work, such as pedaling a bicycle 1. Heat or ________ energy is one kind of ______________ energy a. Energy associated with the ____________ motion of molecules b. Responsible for _________________ transport c. _______________ energy cannot be retrieved and put to work 2. Light is another type of _____________________ energy B. ______________ energy is the energy that is stored due to an objects location or arrangement 1. A cyclist motionless at the top of a hill has __________ energy due to location 2. ________________ in atoms have ______________ energy due to their position in electron shells 3. Molecules in cells have potential energy due to the arrangement of their ______________; called ________________________ energy C. Chemical energy is the _________________________ energy of molecules 1. Most important type of __________________ for living organisms 2. ___________________ compounds have structures that make them especially rich in _______________ energy. 3. The rearrangement of atoms during chemical reactions releases the _______________ energy 4. This released energy is now available for ___________, such as contracting a muscle 2 III. Two laws govern energy conversions A. Life depends on the fact that energy can be ____________ from one form to another. B. Thermodynamics is the study of energy ______________________ C. First law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be _______________ or destroyed, only transferred or __________________ D. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy conversions reduce the _______________ of the universe. 1. During every energy transformation, some energy becomes ___________ energy, unable to do ____________________ 2. In most energy transformations, most usable forms of energy are at least partly ______________________ to heat 3. Heat , which is random molecular motion, is one form of __________________ 4. In the process of carrying out chemical reactions that perform various kinds of work, living cells unavoidably ______________ organized forms of energy to ____________________. 5. _______________ is the amount of disorder 6. Because of the second law of thermodynamics, a cell cannot transfer or transform energy with ________________ efficiency 7. Some energy always ___________________ the system as heat 8. Cells do not have the machinery to put the disordered 3 molecular movement of ________ energy to work except to ___________ the body. 9. Thus energy cannot be _________________________ IV. Life’s chemical reactions either store or release energy A. Endergonic reactions require a net _________________ of energy 1. Yield products that are rich in ____________________ energy 2. Energy is _______________ from the surroundings as the reaction occurs 3. Energy is stored in the _____________ bonds of the products 4. Photosynthesis is an _________________ reaction and anabolic a. Energy is ____________________ b. Builds _________________ molecule from _______________ molecules B. Exergonic reactions _______________ energy 1. ______________ bonds of reactants contain more energy than those in the _________________ 2. Cellular respiration is an _______________ process and catabolic a. ____________________ energy b. breaks down ______________ molecule into ______________ molecules V. ATP provides energy for cellular work A. The amount of energy in a single glucose molecule is way _______________ 4 For a single ____________________________ in a cell. B. In fact if all the energy of a ________________ molecule were _________________ at once inside a ___________, it would _____________ the ________________ C. Thus the cell breaks down ___________________ bit by bit and distributes little packets of energy to molecules called ______________ D. _______________ stands for adenosine triphosphate 1. Adenosine part consists of a. ____________ containing base called ____________________ b. ___________ carbon sugar called _________________ 2. The triphosphate consists of three _______________ groups a. Source of energy used for most cellular ______________ b. Phosphate groups are __________________ charged c. Since like charges ____________, the crowding of three ____________ charged phosphate groups contributes to the ___________________ energy d. Analogous to a _________________ spring e. When a phosphate group is broken off ____________ energy is released f. Resulting molecule is adenosine diphosphate (___________) E. During a chemical reaction that breaks one of ATP’s bonds, the phosphate group is transferred from ____________ to another __________________ 5 F. The molecule that accepts the phosphate group undergoes a _____________, driving the __________________. G. Cells perform three main types of work 1. _______________________ work a. ________________________ of a muscle b. ATP __________________ phosphate to certain protein c. Protein _______________ shape leading to muscle contraction 2. _________________________ work a. Building a _______________________ such as protein b. ATP provides energy for the process of __________________ that links amino acids together 3. _______________________ work a. Pumping solutes such as ions across a membrane (_____________________________________) b. Transport protein receives ________________ from ATP, ___________ shape and thus allowing ions to pass through membrane H. ATP is continually recycled, going from _______ to _________ and back VI. Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide A. Cellular respiration is an aerobic process, meaning that it requires _______________ 1. Breathing is also called ________________ but is different than cell respiration 6 a. Breathing is taking ______________ into our lungs which will be distributed by ___________________________ to our cells b. The cells will use that ____________ for cellular respiration c. Breathing also disposes of ______________________ from our ___________________ to the outside environment d. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of _________ respiration, which leaves the cell by ______________ and is carried by ______________________ to lungs. VII. Review structure of mitochondria VIII. Cellular respiration converts energy stored in _____________ to energy in _____________ A. In cell respiration, a complex molecule (__________________) is broken down into smaller molecules that have less ________________ energy than the original substance. 1. Organic compounds such as ____________ react with __________ 2. Produce ______________________ and water as waste products 3. Produce about _______ molecules of ______ per sugar molecule B. Cellular respiration converts about _______ percent of the energy from food into _____________ energy 1. 60% of the energy is converted to _____________ energy, which is lost from the body in the form of __________________ 7 a. Thus cell respiration allows us to maintain a constant temperature, even in a __________ environment. b. When we exercise, cells increase their rate of _____________________, thus we feel _______ after exercise c. Excess heat is lost through ________________________ 2. Instead of releasing energy all at once in a burst of flame, cellular respiration unlocks the energy in glucose in _________ amounts by breaking down _____________ in ______________ steps. C. In cell respiration high ______________ electrons are pulled out of glucose in several steps and passed down an _____________ transport chain 1. As electrons undergo each transfer in the chain, they release a little _________________. 2. In a process known as _____________________, the released energy is trapped and used to make ______________. 3. The final molecule in the chain to accept electrons is _________ 4. Thus electrons move from _______ to __________ during cell respiration D. The general equation for cell respiration is _____________________________________________________________ IX. Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages A. _____________________ is the first stage, takes place outside the ____________________ in the cytoplasm, and requires no ____________ 8 1. Initiates the breakdown of ____________ into two three carbon molecules called ________________ in a 9 step process a. This requires two molecules of _______ energy to get started b. As the reactions occur two intermediate three carbon molecules transfer electrons and hydrogen ions to an electron carrier molecule ________________________ *This converts NAD+ to ______________________ *NAD+ is similar to ______________ in photosynthesis * they are both electron carriers that shuttle ______ energy electrons c. In addition, four new _________ molecules are produced, a net gain of ____________ molecules 2. _____________ is the universal energy-harvesting process of life a. Because Glycolysis occurs universally, it is thought to be an ________________________ metabolic system b. Glycolysis today is probably very similar to the process the ___________ cells on Earth used to extract energy from their environment 3. In summary, the original _________ molecule has been converted into two molecules of _____________ and two _______ molecules were spent, Four ___________ molecules produced, and two __________ molecules with high energy electrons formed 9 4. The pyruvic acid molecules still hold most of the ___________ of the original glucose molecule. B. The Kreb Cycle is the second stage, takes place within the mitochondrial ____________ and completes the breakdown of _____________ to carbon dioxide 1. Pyruvic acid, the end product of ______________________ does not itself enter the Kreb cycle a. Two pyruvic acid molecules diffuse through the mitochondrial membrane into the ____________________ 10 b. Each three carbon _______________________ molecule loses a carbon dioxide molecule c. The resulting molecule is converted into a two carbon molecule called ___________________________ d. Two acetyl CoA molecules enter the ________________ for each glucose molecule e. In the process of going from pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA ________________ and hydrogen ions are transferred to NAD+ f. Thus two more ________________ molecules are formed 2. For each acetyl CoA that enters the Kreb cycle a. _________________ ATP molecule is made b. _______________ NADH molecules are formed c. ______________________ FADH2 molecule formed d. ____________________ carbon dioxide molecules 3. Thus for one glucose molecule a. Two _________________ are made in Kreb cycle b. Six ___________________ molecules are made in Kreb cycle c. Two ________________________ are made in Kreb cycle d. Four ________________________ are made in Kreb cycle 11 C. Electron transport chain is the third stage, takes place in ___________, and obtains _________________ from NADH and FADH2 to pass down chain and form ______________ by chemiosmosis 1. ______________ and FADH2 transfer ______________ obtained from original glucose molecule during glycolysis and Kreb cycle to the _______________________________________ chain 2. NAD+ and _______________ are ________________________ 3. As electrons move from molecule to molecule in chain some _______________ is released 4. This energy is used to pump _________________ ions across ________________ into intermembrane space (opposite of ________________________________) 5. This creates an ________________________________ gradient which store _____________________________ energy 12 6. Hydrogen ions rush back through the protein ATP ______________________ in the cristae. 7. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flow of _____________________ ions to convert ADP to __________ 8. Up to _________ ATP molecules are generated from one glucose molecule 9. The final electron acceptor in chain is _______________ which takes electrons and hydrogen ions to form ________________ X. The result of cell respiration is to generate ATP for cellular work A. A cell can convert the energy of one glucose molecule to as many as ______ molecules of ATP 1. Glycolysis produces ________ ATP’s a. However, it requires _________ ATP’s to get started b. Net gain of ______________ ATP molecules 2. Kreb cycle produces _________ more ATP molecules 3. ATP synthase produces about ________ ATP molecules 4. Notice that most ATP production requires ____________ XI. Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to aerobic respiration A. Fermentation makes ATP without using _______________ by depending solely on _______________ B. When yeast cells are placed in an anaerobic environment (without _____________) where there is plenty of glucose they can thrive by using _________________________ only 13 C. The problem with using glycolysis as the sole means of producing ATP is that _____________ gets depleted. There is no electron transport chain to recycle it back. D. Yeast solve this problem by a process called ________________ fermentation 1. Pyruvic acid produced by ______________ is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide 2. In the process NADH is converted back to _______________ 3. Thus alcoholic fermentation replenishes ___________ to continue glycolysis 4. Alcohol still contains plenty of chemical energy which is not used 5. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make alcohol and bake bread E. When a person sprints their lungs and blood stream can’t supply ____________ fast enough to meet muscles need for energy 1. Muscle cells can use an _____________ process called ___________________________________fermentation 2. Pyruvic acid produced by ________________ is converted into lactic acid 3. In the process NADH is converted back to ________________ 4. Lactic acid also contains untapped _________________ energy 14 15