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I. Chronology of Egypt II. TRAITS OF EGYPT III. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS I. OLD KINGDOM http://youtu.be/tSKBOilYBiY 2575BC – 2130 BC kingdom developed around kings called Pharaohs. People who settled along the Nile began working together in 3100BC under the King of Upper Egypt King Menes. During this time kingdom the Pyramids and the Great Sphinx were built. II. MIDDLE KINGDOM 1938 BC – 1630 BC Power struggles, crop failures and debt from building the pyramids made the old kingdom fall. Middle Kingdom was turbulent, filled with corruption and crop failure In 1700 BC the Hyksos invaded and ruled the Egyptian kingdom fro nearly 100 years. III. NEW KINGDOM 1539 BC – 1075 BC At the height, around 1450 BC the new kingdom reached as far as Syria and the Euphrates First female ruler, Hatshepsut rules the entire kingdom Ramses II is considered the best Pharaoh in Egyptian history – achieved many conquests and monuments in his name. IV. TRAITS OF EGYPT Egypt began along the Nile River in North Africa Egypt was bordered on both sides by desert which isolated & protected Egyptians from outsiders The Nile River’s annual floods were predictable & provided fertile soil for farming The Nile flooded so predictably that the Egyptians designed their calendar around it V. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS CITIES • Cities developed along the LOWER EGYPT Nile River in “Upper Egypt” & “Lower Egypt” ■ The Nile River Flowed from Upper Egypt to Lower Egypt, flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. Memphis Cairo Thebes Luxor UPPER EGYPT v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS COMPLEX SOCIETY PHARAOH PRIESTS AND NOBLES society is well structured. There are 5 specific levels of workers in Egypt. SKILLED WORKERS FARMERS UNSKILLED WORKERS COMPLEX SOCIETY v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS • Vizier - the most important person after the pharaoh. Appointed by the pharaoh and oversaw the judiciary system and the government administration • Chief Treasurer - responsible for collecting and assessing taxes. • Overseer - managed work sites, like the pyramids • Scribes - wrote official documents and could move to higher positions. v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS The great pyramids of GIZA Great Pyramid (Khufu’s pyramid) Pyramid of Cheops Pyramid of Khafre Used as tombs for pharaohs (the most famous was that of King TUT) 20-30 years to build 481 feet tall Skilled workers were used to build COMPLEX SOCIETY The Egyptians built all their pyramids on the West bank of the Nile. Scholars have found around 100 pyramids in Egypt and more are likely buried under the sand. The most important pyramid complexes are at Saqqara, Meidum, Dahshur and Giza. Some pyramids are only mud-brick remnants now. https://youtu.be/W_JgmxVCehw v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS • Pharaohs ruled Egypt as “KingGods” & were thought to control nature • Egyptians constructed pyramids & elaborate tombs for the pharaohs GOVERNMENT • Egyptians were polytheistic • he gods played important roles in the daily lives of the ancient Egyptians. There were two levels of gods: local gods and national gods. – Daily Rituals – Festivals – Shrines – Offerings to the dead – Hymns and prayers – Religious ceremonies RELIGION v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS EGYPTIAN GODS Ra is the ancient Egyptian sun god. He is the father of the gods and is usually depicted with the body of a human and the head of a falcon. Amun was a creator god who became a national god after the pharaohs moved their capital to the city of Thebes. He was later combined with Ra, who was a sungod, a creator god and the king of the gods. The people saw Amun-Ra as the creative power behind the existence of all life. RELIGION Osiris was the god of the dead and resurrection. He was the ruler of the Tuat and people would appeal to him to care for their departed ancestors. Osiris was the king of the gods until his brother killed him. EGYPTIAN GODS Hathor was a cow Isis was a fertility goddess and a mother goddess and a cosmic goddess. She nourished all life with her milk and her name meant “House of Horus”. goddess. The goddess with 10,000 names was one of her titles emphasizing her many roles and names. Ma’at was the representation of moral and physical law. Some scholars consider her the most important goddess of Ancient Egypt. Ma’at’s worship spread throughout Egypt because she helped judge the dead. RELIGION EGYPTIAN GODS Anubis is the god of death and dying. Heis also considered to be the god of the underworld. His image is often seen as the guardian of tombs and the bodies held within. Horus was a sun god and the king of the gods. “The living Horus” was one of the pharaoh’s titles and emphasized his right to rule Egypt like Horus ruled the gods. His emblem was the falcon RELIGION Seth was the god of evil and darkness. He was the adversary of Horus and everything that was good. Except for the red crown, people regarded the color red as an evil color because of its connection to Set. v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS • Egyptian hieroglyphics was both pictograms & a phonetic alphabet • Hieroglyphics were translated using the Rosetta Stone • It has 3 languages – each displaying the same content • This was found in the early 1800’s by Napoleon’s army while marching toward Egypt. WRITING v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS • Egyptian ideas included a 365-day calendar, geometry, astronomy, & pyramids TECHNOLOGY Class Activity #1 • Overview: You & your team are members of an ancient tribe known as “Patrioti” • Working with your tribe, complete the following activities in order: • Step 1: Collect at least 4 food tokens & 1 water token • Step 2: Gather resources & build a temple to honor the “food god” • Your grade will be based on completing these tasks & the creativity of your temple Class Activity #2 New discovery: FARMING! • Working with your tribe, complete the following activities in order: • Step 1: Collect at least 4 food tokens & 1 water token • Step 2: Gather resources & build a temple to honor the “food god” • Your grade will be based on completing these tasks & the creativity of your temple Debriefing Questions • Discuss with your team & write down your answers to the following questions: • What were your experiences like during Round 1 of this activity? • How did the discovery of “farming” change your experiences in Round 2? • How do you think these activities relate to early human beings? • What advantages do you think farming gave to early humans? HITITES • https://youtu.be/P0PoG4xoLb8 Assyrians • https://youtu.be/dsajvxo01mM