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I.
Chronology of Egypt
II.
TRAITS OF EGYPT
III.
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
I. OLD KINGDOM
http://youtu.be/tSKBOilYBiY
2575BC – 2130 BC
 kingdom developed around
kings called Pharaohs.
 People who settled along the
Nile began working together
in 3100BC under the King of
Upper Egypt King Menes.
 During this time kingdom the
Pyramids and the Great
Sphinx were built.
II. MIDDLE KINGDOM
1938 BC – 1630 BC
 Power struggles, crop failures and debt
from building the pyramids made the old
kingdom fall.
 Middle Kingdom was turbulent, filled
with corruption and crop failure
 In 1700 BC the Hyksos invaded and ruled
the Egyptian kingdom fro nearly 100
years.
III. NEW KINGDOM
1539 BC – 1075 BC
 At the height, around 1450 BC the new kingdom
reached as far as Syria and the Euphrates
 First female ruler, Hatshepsut rules the entire
kingdom
 Ramses II is considered the best Pharaoh in
Egyptian history – achieved many conquests
and monuments in his name.
IV.
TRAITS OF EGYPT
 Egypt began along the
Nile River in North Africa
 Egypt was bordered on
both sides by desert
which isolated
& protected Egyptians
from outsiders
 The Nile River’s annual
floods were predictable &
provided fertile soil for
farming
 The Nile flooded so
predictably that the
Egyptians designed their
calendar around it
V. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
CITIES
• Cities developed along the
LOWER EGYPT
Nile River in “Upper Egypt” &
“Lower Egypt”
■ The Nile River Flowed from
Upper Egypt to Lower Egypt,
flowing into the Mediterranean
Sea.
Memphis
Cairo
Thebes
Luxor
UPPER EGYPT
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
COMPLEX SOCIETY
PHARAOH
PRIESTS AND NOBLES
 society is well
structured.
There are 5
specific levels of
workers in Egypt.
SKILLED WORKERS
FARMERS
UNSKILLED WORKERS
COMPLEX SOCIETY
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
• Vizier - the most important person after
the pharaoh. Appointed by the pharaoh
and oversaw the judiciary system and the
government administration
• Chief Treasurer - responsible for
collecting and assessing taxes.
• Overseer - managed work sites, like the
pyramids
• Scribes - wrote official documents and
could move to higher positions.
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
The great pyramids of GIZA
 Great Pyramid (Khufu’s pyramid)
 Pyramid of Cheops
 Pyramid of Khafre
 Used as tombs for pharaohs (the most famous was
that of King TUT)
 20-30 years to build
 481 feet tall
 Skilled workers were used to build
COMPLEX SOCIETY
The Egyptians built all their pyramids on the West bank of the Nile. Scholars
have found around 100 pyramids in Egypt and more are likely buried under the
sand. The most important pyramid complexes are at Saqqara, Meidum, Dahshur
and Giza. Some pyramids are only mud-brick remnants now.
https://youtu.be/W_JgmxVCehw
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
• Pharaohs ruled Egypt as “KingGods” & were thought to
control nature
• Egyptians constructed
pyramids & elaborate tombs
for the pharaohs
GOVERNMENT
• Egyptians were polytheistic
• he gods played important
roles in the daily lives of the
ancient Egyptians. There were
two levels of gods: local gods
and national gods.
– Daily Rituals
– Festivals
– Shrines
– Offerings to the
dead
– Hymns and prayers
– Religious
ceremonies
RELIGION
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
EGYPTIAN GODS
Ra is the ancient Egyptian sun
god. He is the father of the
gods and is usually depicted
with the body of a human and
the head of a falcon.
Amun was a creator god who
became a national god after the
pharaohs moved their capital to the
city of Thebes. He was later
combined with Ra, who was a sungod, a creator god and the king of
the gods. The people saw Amun-Ra
as the creative power behind the
existence of all life.
RELIGION
Osiris was the god of the dead and resurrection.
He was the ruler of the Tuat and people would appeal
to him to care for their departed ancestors. Osiris was
the king of the gods until his brother killed him.
EGYPTIAN GODS
Hathor was a cow
Isis was a fertility goddess and a mother
goddess and a cosmic
goddess. She nourished all
life with her milk and her
name meant “House of
Horus”.
goddess. The goddess with 10,000
names was one of her titles emphasizing
her many roles and names.
Ma’at was the representation
of moral and physical law. Some
scholars consider her the most
important goddess of Ancient
Egypt. Ma’at’s worship spread
throughout Egypt because she
helped judge the dead.
RELIGION
EGYPTIAN GODS
Anubis is the god of death
and dying. Heis also considered
to be the god of the underworld.
His image is often seen as the
guardian of tombs and the
bodies held within.
Horus was a sun god and the king
of the gods. “The living Horus” was
one of the pharaoh’s titles and
emphasized his right to rule Egypt like
Horus ruled the gods. His emblem was
the falcon
RELIGION
Seth was the god of evil and darkness. He was
the adversary of Horus and everything that was
good. Except for the red crown, people
regarded the color red as an evil color because
of its connection to Set.
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
• Egyptian hieroglyphics
was both pictograms &
a phonetic alphabet
• Hieroglyphics were translated
using the Rosetta Stone
• It has 3 languages – each
displaying the same content
• This was found in the early
1800’s by Napoleon’s army
while marching toward
Egypt.
WRITING
v. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
• Egyptian ideas included a 365-day
calendar, geometry, astronomy, &
pyramids
TECHNOLOGY
Class Activity #1
• Overview: You & your team are members of
an ancient tribe known as “Patrioti”
• Working with your tribe, complete the
following activities in order:
• Step 1: Collect at least 4 food tokens
& 1 water token
• Step 2: Gather resources & build a temple
to honor the “food god”
• Your grade will be based on completing
these tasks & the creativity of your temple
Class Activity #2
New discovery: FARMING!
• Working with your tribe, complete the
following activities in order:
• Step 1: Collect at least 4 food tokens
& 1 water token
• Step 2: Gather resources & build a temple
to honor the “food god”
• Your grade will be based on completing
these tasks & the creativity of your temple
Debriefing Questions
• Discuss with your team & write down your answers to the following
questions:
• What were your experiences like during Round 1 of this activity?
• How did the discovery of “farming” change your experiences in Round 2?
• How do you think these activities relate to early human beings?
• What advantages do you think farming gave to early humans?
HITITES
• https://youtu.be/P0PoG4xoLb8
Assyrians
• https://youtu.be/dsajvxo01mM