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Marine Macrophytes
Plants
I.
Anthophyta- flowering plants (antho =flower, phyta = plant)
A. General Information
1. _____________________ that have adapted to salt
water
a. ______________, stems, leaves, and seeds.
b. Nutrients and water obtained from the
__________
c. Withstand saltwater by
______________________
2. Found in shallow waters, must remain in the
_______________ zone!
3. The benefit to marine organisms
a. New Habitat
i. Place to ________________________
(small and young)
ii. Place to _________________ (algae)
b. Food Source
i. Bacteria (eat the _________________)
ii. Herbivores
(_________________________)
4. The cost to marine organisms
a. Compete with algae for ________ and _________
b. Indigestible ( ___________ is hard to break
down)
5. Reproduction
a. Vegetative (asexual reproduction)
i. Fragmentation:
ii. Rhizome:
b. Flowers (sexual reproduction)
i. Adapted for ____________ to pollinate
i. Unlike land plants that use the wind!
ii. Pollen is _______________ instead of
__________.
3 Types of Marine Flowering Plants:
B. Seagrasses : Only truly marine flowering plant!
1. Locationa. Found _________________!
b. Can be fully ___________________ all the time
2. Structure of Seagrasses
a. Roots:
______________________________________
___
b. Stems
i. Vertical support the
__________________
ii. Horizontal (rhizome): Important in
_______________ reproduction and
______________________________.
c. Leaves
i. Main purpose:
_______________________
ii. Secrete ______________
iii. Break off before ___________________
3. Two Main Types in California
a. Eel Grass
i. Found in ______________________
ii. ______________ waves
b. Surfgrass
i. Found in ______________________
ii. ______________ waves
4. Role of Seagrasses
a. Help food chain. Enter by
______________________
b. Sediment deposition and stabilization
i. Leaves
ii. Roots
c. Provides good habitat
i. Seagrasses add dimension!
ii. Epiphytes: Plants and animals that
____________ on seagrasses
iii. Juvenile animals _________________
among stems and leaves!
C. Salt Marsh Plants
1. General Factsa. Located in _____________ and ___________
regions.
b. Restricted to the Intertidal
i. ___________ need air or they will become
_______________.
c. Types of Salt Marsh Plants
i. True grasses found in the
_______________
ii. Rushes found in the
___________________
iii. Shrubs & herbs in the
_________________
2. Ecological benefits of marsh plants
a. Filter: Removes _________________________
b. Food source for _________________________
c. Nursery for ____________________________
d. Sponge: Reduces _______________________
D. Mangrove Forests
1. Located in the
________________________________
2. Root Types
a. Buttress roots
i. Located ________________ ground
ii. Role:
______________________________
b. Pneumatophore roots (pneuma = air)
i. Located ___________________ground
ii. Role:
_______________________________
c. Anchor roots
i. Located: _______________ ground
ii. Role:
_______________________________
Macrophytes – Algaes
II.
Seaweeds
A. Comparison to Terrestrial Plants
1. Similarities:
2. Main Differences:
Algae
Get Nutrients:
Photosynthesis:
Support Structures:
Location:
Land Plants
B. Parts of an Alga
1. Blade
a. Similar to ________________ of land plants
b. Most of __________________ and
____________
c. Absorption occurs here
2. Air Bladder (pneumatocyst)
a. Helps keep blades on the ___________________
b. ________________ and
________________vary
c. Most common in _______________ algae
3. Stipe
a. Connects ______________ to the
_____________
b. Does NOT
_______________________________
c. Very ______________________
d. _______________ varies and may be
__________
4. Holdfast
a. ___________________ algae to the surface
b. NOT for
_________________________________
c. Size influenced by
_________________________
C. Life Cycle
1. Alternation of Generations
a. Definition: two or more separate
______________
stages that occur one after the other, BUT the
stages contain ____________________ amounts
of DNA!
D. Seaweed Phyla
1. 3 main phyla- grouped by accessory pigments
2. Chlorophyta (green algae)
a. Local Examples
i. Ulva spp
ii. Enteromorpha intestinalis
b. Pigments: _______________________ only
c. Dealing with herbivores
i. ________________ and
______________
quickly
ii. Grow where ________________________
iii. Taste bad: make
______________________
or deposit ___________ in cell walls.
3. Rhodophyta (red algae)
a. Local Example
i. Porphra perforate (nori)
ii. Corallina vancouveriensis (coralline algae)
b. Pigments ______________ +
_____________(red)
c. Response to herbivores
i. Grow ____________________
ii. Difficult to eat: change
_________________
d. Commercial Uses
i. Direct use: ________________ (sushi)
ii. Agar
1. Grow __________________
2. Separate _______________
3. _______________ agent
iii. Carrageenan
1. ____________________agen
t
2. ____________________agen
t
4. Phaeophyta (brown algae)
a. Local Examples
i. Macrocystis pyrifera (giant kelp)
ii. Egregia spp. (feather boa kelp)
b. Pigments: _____________ + ________________
c. Commercial Uses
i. Alginate (aka algin)
1. _________________ agent
2. _________________ agent
ii. Iodine
iii. Cattle feed
iv. Potash:
_______________________________