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Honors Chemistry Name _____________________ Chapter 1 - Chemistry: Matter and Measurements Introduction: Chemistry is concerned with matter and energy and how the two interact with each other. Chemistry is a foundation for other disciplines: 1. 2. 3. 4. Chemistry-related issues: 1. 2. 3. 1.1 Types of Matter Matter has mass and takes up space: Phases of matter: Solids Liquids Gases Pure substances mixtures A. elements: 1. 2. 3. B. Atomic symbols Elements are given symbols: 1. 2. 3. C. compounds: 1. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements chemically bonded to one another. 2. Compounds always contain the same elements in the same composition by mass Water by mass: 3. D. mixtures 1. A. copper sulfate and sand B. Contrast with the formation of a compound 2. homogeneous mixtures 3. heterogeneous mixtures 4. separation of mixtures (methods) Filtration – Distillation – Chromatography – Forensic Chemistry – Chromatography- Biochemistry- 1.2 Measurements Metric system: 1. 2. four major units: A. instruments and units 1. length 2. volume Measuring Volume: 3. mass 4. temperature Temperature Units: The Fahrenheit Scale: The Kelvin Scale: Relationships between temperature scales: Fahrenheit and Celsius: Celsius and Kelvin: Example 1.1: Mercury thermometers are being phased out because of the toxicity of mercury vapor. A common replacement for mercury is the organic liquid isoamyl benzoate, which boils are 262°C. What is its boiling point in °F? and K? B. Uncertainties in Measurements 1. Significant figures Example 1.2: Using different balances, three different students weigh the same object. They report the following masses: a. 1.611g b. 1.60g c. 0.001611kg How many significant figures does each value have? Rounding Rules: 1. 2. Addition and Subtraction Rule: 1. 2. 3. Multiplication and Division Rule: 1. Example: Example: Exact Numbers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. C. Conversion of Units 1. 2. A. B. Example1.4: A gasoline station in Manila, Philippines, charges 37.57 pesos per liter ofr super unleaded gasoline at a time when one U.S. dollar (USD) buys 47.15 Philippine pesos (PHP). The car you are driving has a capacity of 14.00 U.S. gallons, and gets 24 miles per gallon. A. What is the cost in USD/gallon? B. How much would a tank full cost in USD? C. If you are empty and have 1255 pesos, how many km can you drive? 1.3 Properties of Substances Chemical properties Physical properties Examples of chemical properties: Examples of physical properties: A. Density Example 1.5: Two students were given identical cylindrical “palladium: bars with the following data: Mass = 96.03g, length = 10.7 cm, diameter = 9.82 mm, and density = 12.02g/mL A. Student X was asked to determine whether her bar was made of pure palladium. B. Student Y was asked to determine how many grams of ethyl alcohol (d = 0.789 g/mL) his bar would displace. B. Solubility 1. saturated 2. unsaturated 3. supersaturated Example 1.6 on page 16 of the textbook – reading a solubility curve C. Color D. Visible Light SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Precision and Accuracy in Measurements A. Precision vs. Accuracy (% error calculations) B. Scientific/Exponential Notation Example: Express the following numbers in scientific notation: a) 0.00005607 b) 560700000000 C. Significant Figures Rules for significant figures: a. Nonzero digits b. Initial zeros c. In-between zeros d. Final zeros Example: State the number of significant figures in the following set of measurements: a) 30.0 g b) 29.9801 g c) 0.03 kg d) 31,000 mg e) 3102. cg What statements can you make about the accuracy and precision of measurements a-e? Example: Solve the following problems and state the answers with the proper number of significant figures. a) Calculate the area of an object with a length of 1.345 m and a width of 0.057 m. b) Calculate the density of a substance with a mass of 12.03 g and a volume of 7.0 mL. Example: Express the answers to the following computations in the correct number of significant figures: a) 129.0 g + 53.21 g + 1.4365 g b) 10.00 m - 0.0448 m C. Area and Volume Conversions Example: Express the area of a 27.0 square yards of carpet in square meters. Example: Convert 17.5 quarts to cubic meters. (1 L = 1.057 qt, 1 ft3 = 28.32 L)