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Biology Exam Review 1 A dermatologist is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of two facial antiseptics. She inoculates ten Petri dishes each with a culture swab from a different patient with acne. She then places sterile paper soaked in each of the antiseptics in different sections of each Petri dish. After keeping the Petri dishes in an incubator for 48 hours at 37 degrees C, she measures the distance between the edge of each sterile paper and the nearest bacterial colony. This distance is known as the zone of inhibition. The data are shown below. Investigation Write a conclusion is based on the data? 2 Explain the role of decomposition, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration in the carbon cycle. 3. Russian scientists have discovered fossil evidence of a group of "dwarf" mammoths on an island in Siberia. Carbon dating indicates that these mammoths were alive 6,000 years after other mammoth species became extinct. -Some scientists think these "dwarf" mammoths survived because the island was isolated from humans. -Other scientists think the milder climate on the island allowed them to survive longer. Which term best describes these two statements? Conclusions, theories, laws, hypotheses natural selection 4 The data below shows the percentage of patients with influenza who are experiencing certain conditions in a Michigan health clinic: Percent of Influenza-Positive Patients with Conditions Condition Percent of Patients Fever 100 Headache 57 Nausea/Vomiting 36 Seizures 29 Body Aches 21 The data shown would be most beneficial in the design of: (Choose one) more effective influenza vaccines, more effective medications for influenza symptoms. better methods to use to test for the influenza virus, better protective measures to reduce the spread of the influenza virus. investigation Carbon and nitrogen cycles 5 Scientists in a lab fertilize a single mammalian egg cell in a petri dish. They observe the zygote as it divides into two cells and then into four cells. The scientists separate the four cells and place each one in a separate petri dish. Each of the four cells continues to divide, forming an embryo. The embryos are each placed into a different surrogate mother and develop into completely normal individuals. Which of the following conclusions about the embryonic cells is supported by the scientists' observations? Was the cell specialized before implantation or after? Differentation 6 Why is it difficult to keep some mammals alive in captivity? Population 7X What type of cell has a function most similar to electrical wire? 8. Based on the DNA sequence information in the chart below, which organism is most closely related to Homo sapiens? Natural selection 9 Before energy can be used by a cell, the energy in the chemical bonds of sugar must be stored in ____. Cell 10 In the 1600s, biologist Lynn Margulis proposed the theory of "endosymbiosis". -Her theory suggested that early prokaryotic cells (i.e., bacteria) formed a cooperative relationship by entering larger cells. -These invading prokaryotic cells eventually evolved into the mitochondria and chloroplasts in modern plant and animal cells. energetics What is the cellular evidence to support this theory? Cells and Viruses 11 Write true or false for each of the following statements: Cells and Viruses 12 Write the function of the following organelles: nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast 13 What is function of the following organelles: Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, ribosome, mitochondrion Organelles 14X Describe what happens when a human hand is quickly pulled away 15 Name and describe the chemical equation shown below? Cell energetics C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 16 Two substances, X and Y, are used by a plant cell in a process that forms the products shown below. Both bacteria and viruses have nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.____ Both bacteria and viruses have cell membranes and cell walls._____ Organelles from a hot stove? When is pain felt compared to when the hand pulled away. What substances are represented by X and Y? cell energetics 17 18X What cycle does the text and the diagram below best describe? Carbon and nitrogen cycles If one parent is homozygous for A blood and the other parent has type O blood, what are the phenotypes of the offspring? If one parent is heterozygous for A blood and the other parent has type O blood, what are the phenotypes of the offspring? Mendelian Genetics 19 The diagram below shows two strawberry plants. Plant 1 is the parent, and Plant 2 is the offspring. What represents X and Y to correctly fill in the data table? Division/chromosomal mutations A student constructs a table with the characteristics of the strawberry plants as shown below: 20 An algae bloom is the rise of an algae population in an aquatic environment. Algae blooms can occur when large amounts of fertilizer runoff enter a lake. -As algae blooms grow, some die, and bacteria reproduce rapidly as they consume the dead matter. -This causes a massive increase in bacteria populations in the lake. What abiotic factor is a damaging effect of algae blooms? ______ How does this abiotic factor effect other species in the lake? population 21X The Punnett square below shows the inheritance of a certain genetic condition. The genotype of an individual with the condition is in the shaded area. Describe this inherited condition. Mendelian genetics 22 In pea plants, the allele for round seeds (R) is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds (r). What are the predicted results for a cross between two heterozygous plants? Write the phenotypes and genotypes. Mendelian 23 genetics The figure below shows the amino acids coded for by RNA codons in humans. How would this compare to a codon chart for a plant? Protein synthesis 24 25X What process is shown in the diagram below? ______________ What does it result in? division and chromosomal mutations Describe cancer in terms of DNA and growth (cell division/mitosis). Division and chromosomal mutations 26 How did the different species in the diagram evolve? Natural selection 27 A fossil of a fish has been found and is being compared to fish living today. What would be compared? natural 28 Two birds are living in a similar environment and resemble each other. How can it be determined that they are members of the same species? Natural selection 29 New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural selection. In order for this process to occur, there must first be a mutation. What cells would contain this mutation? Natural selection selection/organelles/division and chromosomal mutation 30X Scientists inserted a new gene onto a tomato plant that allows the plant to produce a pest-killing protein. What describes this new discovery? 31 A gene for tallness T is dominant over the gene for shortness in pea plants. A homozygous dominant pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous pea plant and 100 seeds are produced. Approximately how many of these seeds are homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive? Mendelian genetics 32 Compare anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in terms of oxygen usage, ATP production and under what conditions each occurs. Cell energetics 33 In order for a plant experiment to be conducted in space, the setup must be small enough to fit in the limited area available on the spacecraft or space station. Yet, the experiment must include enough samples to provide meaningful data. What would be a reasonable solution to this challenge? Investigation 34 A group of concerned citizens is asking its local and state government to take steps to limit the amount of greenhouse gasses released into the atmosphere. The group has compiled the following table which shows the percent of greenhouse gasses added to the atmosphere by human activity. investigation The information in the table was presented by letter and at public hearings as a basis for government action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Write a valid conclusion based on the data in the table? 35 Immediately following cell specialization during embryonic development, cells from one part of a fruit fly embryo are transplanted to a different part of the embryo. Describe the transplanted cells. differentiation 36 Hydrogen peroxide slowly breaks down to oxygen, gas, and water, as shown in the reaction below: 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O In the laboratory, when a student added catalase to a solution of hydrogen peroxide, the reaction above happened much faster. Define a catalase such as an enzyme. biochemistry 37X Describe the relationship between the digestive and circulatory systems? 38X During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body react to return its temperature to a normal level? 39X How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused by bacteria in food? 40 What provides cells with energy in order to make ATP? Cell energetics 41 What function is common to both a healthy white blood cell and to a 42 Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Cell energetics 43 A cell is observed under a microscope and found to have the following: -nucleus-mitochondria-chloroplasts-cytoplasm-cell membrane-cell wall What kind of cell is it? organelles 44 Student Investigation 1. A student places a fresh, crisp piece of celery in Beaker X, filled with tap water. 2. The student also places a fresh, crisp piece of celery in Beaker Y, filled with concentrated salt water. 3. The student observes the celery and records the data in the table shown. virus that has invaded a host cell ?cells and viruses Why did the celery in beaker Y became soggy and soft? Investigation 45X Differentiate between diffusion and active transport (energy required or not, concentration gradient needed or not). Diffusion 46 The graph shows a change in a deer population in an ecosystem over time. Describe the area on the graph where the population levels off? What is it called? Population 47 Describe the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis? Division and chromosomal mutations 48 Describe the diagram below. Protein synthesis 49 Some fruit growers in the U.S. are spraying antibiotics on fruit trees to control bacterial diseases. A team of scientists is interested in genetically engineering a fruit tree that produces fruit containing antibiotics. If the scientists are successful in producing this type of genetically-altered tree, they will be concerned about which of the following: how attractive the genetically-altered trees are to pollinators, how many seeds are present in the fruit of the genetically-altered trees, the effect of the genetically-altered trees on the stability of ecosystems, the response of the genetically-altered trees to environmental temperature changes. 50 Segregation during meiosis contributes to a wide variety of possible offspring from two parents. Another process that contributes to increased variation in offspring is… division and chromosomal mutations 51 52 How do children get sickle cell anemia? Mendelian genetics Embryonic stem cells eventually differentiate into many types of cells. Describe gene expression. Differentiation 53 Why does a frame-shift mutation often have more serious consequences than a point substitution? Division and chromosomal mutations 54 The chart above shows RNA codons and their respective amino acids. Compare the amino acids made from the original DNA to the amino acids made from the altered DNA. Protein synthesis 55 56 Describe the chart below and relate it to evolution. Natural selection Information about sunflower plants is listed below. Sunflower Plants - A population of sunflower plants has seeds with three different types of seed coats or shells. -The three seed coat phenotypes that exist are thick, thin, and brittle. -A change in the climate of the plants' environment favors the hard-seed coats. Describe what will happen to the plants as a result of this change in climate? Natural selection 57X 58 Assuming all environmental factors were similar in an ecosystem simulation, which of the following would result in the most biodiversity? Natural selection A competition but no mutations B mutations but no natural selection C competition but no natural variation D natural selection but no natural variation After sequencing several proteins from chimpanzees and orangutans, scientists found that the protein sequences were very similar. Write a conclusion that is supported by this information about chimpanzees and orangutans? Natural selection 59 Given the diagram below, what would be a main reason for the development of the separate subspecies of the Northern Spotted Owl and the Mexican Spotted Owl? Natural selection 60 A population of birds had a range of beak sizes. These birds ate different sizes of seeds. After a prolonged drought, only the larger, tougher seeds were available. Only birds with larger beaks could eat these seeds. As a result, the population changed so that there were no longer birds with the smaller beaks. Describe what happened to this population. Natural selection