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Judge and Langdon
Connections, A World History
Chapter 37: Post-Colonial Challenges in Africa and the Middle East, 1939 –
Present
Lecture Outline
I. The Context of African Decolonization
A. The Impact of World War II
1. Africans and the fight against fascism
B. European Preparations for Colonial Autonomy
1. Britain
2. France
3. Belgium and Portugal
II. The Transformation of Africa After 1945
A. African Nationalism and the Cold War
1. Capitalism and Marxism in Africa
B. North Africa
1. Algeria
2. Postcolonial government
C. Sub-Saharan Africa
1. Britain’s retreat from empire
2. Failure of the French Community
3. Chaos in Belgium’s empire
4. Portugal’s unique decolonization
D. From Apartheid to Freedom in South Africa
1. The ANC
2. The end of apartheid
III. Challenges Facing Independent Africa
A. Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship?
1. Imperialism and political development
2. Ethnic and tribal allegiances
B. Economic Underdevelopment
1. Imperialism and economic development
2. Efforts at industrialization
3. Corruption and economic development
C. Social Challenges: Poverty, Ignorance, Disease
1. Poverty
2. Education
3. Disease
IV. The Transformation of the Middle East
A. The State of Israel and the Palestinian Conflict
1. Zionism
2. The Balfour Declaration
3. International recognition and the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 – 1949
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4. The Palestinian Question
B. Arab Nationalism and the Arab-Israeli Wars
1. Abdel Nasser and pan-Arabism
2. The Six-Day War
3. The Yom Kippur/Ramadan War
4. Peace between Israel and Egypt
C. The Development of Islamist Fundamentalism
1. Nineteenth-century Islamic responses
2. Islamic revival since the 1970s
3. Islamic Revolution in Iran
4. Anti-Israeli and anti-Western terrorism
D. Persian Gulf Wars and Global Terrorism
1. 1991: the Persian Gulf War
2. September 11, 2001
3. The Iraq War
Chapter Summary
The Context of African Decolonization
The global wars of 1914 – 1918 and 1939 – 1945 changed the relationship between Europe and
Africa. The war weakened Europe at the same time as the considerable contributions of Africans
to the fight against fascism during World War II encouraged them to believe that independence
was both possible and their due. France and Britain attempted to stall independence movements
by investing in their colonies. Belgium and Portugal continued to block all political activity in
their colonies.
The Transformation of Africa After 1945
Africa changed dramatically in the fifty years following World War II. In North Africa, in subSaharan Africa, and in South Africa, struggles for independence and freedom transformed the
continent. Throughout these years, African nationalists hoped that the end of European rule and
white domination would bring prosperity and dignity to all parts of the continent. Independent
existence, however, proved more challenging than they anticipated.
Challenges Facing Independent Africa
European colonization left many parts of Africa ill prepared for independence. The legacy of
imperialism, along with ethnic and tribal allegiances, undermined the effort to build stable
democracies in Africa. European economic exploitation of Africa was as destructive as its
political domination. The efforts of African elites to industrialize failed. Corrupt dictators also
contributed to the depth and persistence of poverty in Africa. Low educational levels
compounded the problem of poverty, as did the emergence of massive health threats like
HIV/AIDS.
The Transformation of the Middle East
For the Middle East, the most dramatic consequence of World War II was the creation of Israel.
The foundation of Israel led to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 – 1949. At its conclusion, Israel was
victorious, but large numbers of Palestinians had become refugees. The Palestinian Question
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would shape much of the subsequent history of the region. Pan-Arabism and Islamist
fundamentalism, both inspired in part by anti-Israeli sentiment, played central roles in the
political development of the Middle East. Peace between Egypt and Israel fueled the growth of
terrorism as a military and political weapon. Global politics and terrorism came together in the
2003 Iraq War.
Discussion Questions
1. What contributions did Africans make to the fight against fascism during World War II?
2. What steps did European countries take to slow down the process of decolonization in the
decades after World War II?
3. Why was the fight for Algerian independence such a violent and protracted struggle?
4. What led to the rise of the apartheid regime in South Africa? What led to its collapse?
5. How did the legacy of Belgian imperialism contribute to post independence violence in
Central Africa?
6. How did European imperialism inhibit Africa’s political development?
7. How did European imperialism inhibit Africa’s economic development?
8. How has disease undermined African social stability in recent decades?
9. What led to the creation of the state of Israel?
10. What is pan-Arabism and how did it shape the history of the Middle East in the second
half of the twentieth century?
11. What are the historical roots of Islamist fundamentalism?
12. What led to the rise of terrorism as a military and political tool in the Middle East?
Judge and Langdon
Connections, A World History
Chapter 35: The Upheavals of Asia, 1945 – Present
Lecture Outline
I. Independence and Conflict in India and Pakistan
A. Independence and Partition
1. The postwar period
2. Partition and mass relocation
B. India: Democracy, Progress, and Problems
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Indira Gandhi
3. Rajiv Gandhi
4. India in the era of globalization
C. Pakistan: Dictatorship and Division
1. Pakistan and the Cold War
2. Bangladesh
3. Corruption and conflict
II. Revival and Resurgence of Japan
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A. Japan’s Economic Miracle
1. U.S. occupation
2. Japan and the Cold War
3. Business and government
B. Problems amid Prosperity
1. Vulnerabilities: trade and energy
2. Economic downturn
3. Cultural conflicts
III. Conflict and Division in China and Korea
A. Civil War in China: Communists Versus Nationalists
1. The legacy of World War II
2. Communist advantages and victory
B. Divided China: Taiwan and the People’s Republic
1. Nationalist Taiwan
2. Mao Zedong and the founding of the People’s Republic of China
C. Occupation, Partition, and Conflict in Korea
1. U.S. and Soviet occupation
2. The invasion of South Korea and the American response
3. War and stalemate
D. Divided Korea: Communist North, Capitalist South
IV. Radicalism and Pragmatism in Communist China
A. Early Radical Reforms
1. Chinese versus Soviet communism
2. The goals of reform
B. The Great Leap Forward and Its Failure
1. The Great Leap Forward: the creation of a model rural socialist society
2. Failure and famine
3. Sino-Soviet split
C. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
1. The Red Guards and the Cultural Revolution
2. Consequences
D. China’s Opening to the West
1. Increased conflict with the Soviet Union
2. Improved relations with the United States
E. China After Mao: Economic Freedom, Political Repression
1. Deng Xiaoping and economic liberalization
2. Tiananmen Square and the suppression of dissent
V. The Agonies of Southeast Asia and Indonesia
A. Vietminh, France, and the First Indochina War
1. Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh
2. The First Indochina War
3. The Geneva Accords
B. Vietnam, America, and the Second Indochina War
1. Insurgency in the South: the Viet Cong
2. American and North Vietnamese involvement
3. The Tet Offensive
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4. U.S. withdrawal and its consequences
C. The Cambodian Catastrophe
1. The Khmer Rouge
2. Vietnamese invasion, Chinese counterinvasion
3. The 1980s: disorder and civil war
4. The 1990s: stabilization
D. Indonesia Between East and West
1. Sukarno
2. Suharto
3. Poverty, terrorism, and natural disaster
VI. Changes in Asian Societies
A. Industry, Technology, Population, and Urbanization
1. Industrialization
2. Technological advance
3. Population growth
4. Urbanization
B. Changing Family and Gender Roles
1. Urbanization and the traditional family
2. New roles and rights for Asian women
Chapter Summary
Independence and Conflict in India and Pakistan
The Indian subcontinent was freed from British rule in 1947. With independence came partition
into two hostile states: the Republic of India, a huge Hindu-dominated democracy, and a
somewhat smaller Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which became a dictatorship. As both states
grappled with poverty and population growth, they remained bitter foes. Their ongoing clashes
were aggravated by Cold War politics and later by each nation’s development of atomic
weapons.
Revival and Resurgence of Japan
Japan emerged from the ashes of World War II to become a U.S. Cold War ally and economic
powerhouse. Restructured with American help along democratic and capitalistic lines, Japan
came to rival the West in productivity and prosperity. Japan’s economy, however, remained
dangerously dependent on foreign markets and imported natural resources, while its society still
struggled with contrasts between its Eastern traditions and its modern Western values.
Conflict and Division in China and Korea
In 1946 a civil war broke out between the Chinese Communist Party and China’s Nationalist
government. The communists emerged victorious in 1949, controlling the Chinese mainland,
while the Nationalists survived by moving their regime to the island of Taiwan. Then, in 1950,
Asian peace was shattered by conflict in Korea, which became a Cold War battleground. Three
years of futile fighting left Korea with two hostile regimes, one communist and one nationalist.
Radicalism and Pragmatism in Communist China
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After driving out the Nationalists in 1949, the communists formed a socialist government based
on the Soviet model, with Mao Zedong as the country’s leader. The regime labored mightily to
transform the country and improve people’s lives, but its efforts, epitomized by the Great Leap
Forward and the Cultural Revolution, also brought mass upheavals and extensive suffering. The
end of Mao’s era brought with it more moderate leaders. Deng Xiaoping set China on a road to
economic liberalization. Economic change was not, however, matched with political freedom, as
China’s rulers continued to forcefully repress dissent.
The Agonies of Southeast Asia and Indonesia
Upheavals marked the postwar era in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia. As people in
these regions sought freedom from foreign rule, their efforts were entangled in the global Cold
War struggle between communism and capitalism, spawning wars, rebellions, and genocide.
Only after the Cold War’s end did these lands achieve some stability.
Changes in Asian Societies
Sweeping economic and social changes accompanied Asia’s upheavals in the wake of World
War II. Eager to escape foreign domination by acquiring wealth and power, Asian nations
expanded their industry and technology, exploiting Cold War rivalries to get aid from the Soviets
or from the West. Industry and technology fostered urbanization, as millions of Asians moved
from rural villages to industrial cities. These transitions in turn brought changes in family and
gender roles, presenting new challenges and opportunities for Asian societies.
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How did partition shape the postwar history of the Indian subcontinent?
How did Japan rise to the status of economic powerhouse?
What led to the division of China and Korea?
How did China under Mao seek to transform its society and economy?
How did the Cold War shape the postwar history of Southeast Asia and Indonesia?
How did economic development transform Asian societies in the postwar era?
Discussion Questions
How did India’s leaders respond to the challenges and opportunities of the Cold War?
Why did Pakistan become a dictatorship while India became a democracy?
What role did religion play in the politics of Pakistan and India in the postwar era?
How did U.S. occupation contribute to Japan’s postwar economic development?
What were Japan’s most important vulnerabilities in the postwar era?
What led to the communist victory in the Chinese civil war?
What has been the relationship between Chinese economic and political change in the
decades since the death of Mao?
8. How did the Cold War shape the history of Vietnam since 1945?
9. What led to genocide in Cambodia?
10. What was the relationship between industrialization, population growth, and urbanization
in Asia in the postwar era?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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11. How did Asian economic development affect traditional family structures and gender
roles?
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