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The Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation I. The Protestant Reformation A. Main Idea 1. Criticism of the Roman ______________ Church led to a religious movement called the _________________ Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across __________. B. Catholicism in the 1400s 1. Roman Catholic Church—influential, _________________, and ________- some people felt church straying from spiritual roots. 2. ______________ corruption, abuse of ___________, immorality - people’s ____________ for priests, monks, popes weakened. 3. Pope Leo X approved sale of _________________:pardons reduced a soul’s time in ______________ - needed money for St. Peter’s ______________. 4. Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off ________ committed - sale of indulgences widely ______________. C. Martin Luther 1. Martin Luther’s __________ criticism of the church in _______ marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. 2. Believed selling indulgences sinful - in theses (______): indulgences had no __________ to remit sin, criticized power of ________, ____________ of church. 3. Theses written in ________, intended for church leaders, not _____________ people. 4. __________ theses to church door common practice - published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople - desire for ___________ grew. 5. Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate - _________________ basic __________ beliefs, insisted God’s grace _______ be won by good works; faith alone needed. 6. 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was __________, not ________. 7. Insisted that individual Christians should be own ____________ of ______________, Christian practices should come only from Bible - translated _________ into German. D. Reactions to Luther 1. 1520, Pope __________ ____________ Luther from the Church; _____, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V. 2. Emperor handed down ____________________: declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings - Luther’s ideas spread. 3. 1529, Charles V tried to suppress ______________ in ________ - term _________________ came from this. E. John Calvin 1. Most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther supported reforms of Luther in Germany. II. 2. Preached doctrine of ______________________: God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation. 3. Geneva became ________________ under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior - strictness at heart of Calvinism’s ________, gave sense of mission, discipline. 4. Calvinists making world fit for “__________” who had been chosen for salvation. F. Protestantism Spreads to England 1. 1509, ______________ became king, age 17 - devout ________ - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas - actions won him title “______________ of the Faith”. 2. By _______, Henry had only ______ child, Mary - Henry wanted ________ heir, thought female monarch would ________ England. 3. Decided to have marriage to Catherine ______________ - _____ would not agree to annulment - “the king’s great matter”. G. The Reformation Parliament 1. Reformation _______________ declared that ___________ no longer considered itself under authority of pope - __________ became head of Church of England. 2. Henry changed rituals of church very little. 3. Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles - this built more __________ support for split from Catholic Church. 4. Act of ________________ passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”. 5. Protestantism would go through varying levels of ____________ with Henry’s __________. The Counter-Reformation A. Main Idea 1. Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the ________ of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the ________ of Catholics everywhere. B. Reforming the Catholic Church 1. Before Luther, some Catholics working toward reform ______________________________. 2. Some tried to change church from __________ - others formed new religious __________ whose members worked to reform church. 3. Work renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service - most influential of these, the Society of Jesus, or the ____________. 4. 1534, order founded by ______________________ - ran Jesuits like ______________ organization, emphasizing obedience to __________ above all. 5. Jesuits concentrated on _____________ as means for combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, _______. C. Council of Trent 1. Recognizing the need to redefine the _____________ of Catholic faith, Pope ___________ convened the Council of Trent in ____. Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified __________ on important points. 2. Delegates addressed abuses, corruption of clergy, training of priests, financial abuses, and sale of indulgences ____________. 3. Argued church helped believers achieve salvation using ______, magnificent ceremonies to inspire ________. 4. No ________________ between Catholicism, Protestantism. 5. Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles. D. The Inquisition 1. 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court __________ Inquisition tried people accused of being ________, of practicing _________________, of breaking church _______. 2. Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher ___________ Inquisition, 1478 - used Inquisition to impose religious _______, especially on ____________ Jews, Muslims, later on Protestants. 3. Church tried to stamp out rebellion through _________________ - Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose ________. 4. Accounts of __________, _______________ by courts damaged church’s image. E. Religious and Social Effects 1. The Counter-Reformation affected the whole ________, because policies of the Catholic Church influenced __________________ and _____________ wherever the church existed. 2. Renewed zeal for Catholic faith spread the religion to other ____, ________________ broke away from Catholic Church, split into many ____________. 3. Religious ___________ increased as Catholics persecuted nonCatholics, non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and one another. 4. Martin Luther’s theses had opened door to ______________ ___________ - brought equal proportion of conflict, turmoil. F. Persecution and Hysteria 1. Catholics and Protestants viewed Jews, Muslims as __________. 2. Jews in 1492, Muslims in 1500, forced to _________ to Catholic Christianity or leave _________; many Jews resettled in eastern, southern Europe. 3. Some places, Jews forced to live in __________, walled in, gates closed - Jews who had converted, were members of __________ elite, stayed in Spain. 4. Many Europeans feared ____________ roamed land, killing children, cattle. G. H. I. J. 5. Fears increased in times of poor harvests, other hardships; fears inspired ___________ in which accused witches tried for ______ wrongdoing. 6. Penalty for practicing witchcraft, ________; many ___________ victims executed. 7. Majority of executions between 1580 and 1660; thousands, mostly ____________ and ________, killed. Political Effects 1. Rising sense of ____________ identity interwoven with _______ in power of Catholic Church . 2. Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of ____ states, nations. 3. Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in _______, business affairs - ____________ power became separated from churches. 4. Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to increase ____________ in a region. Religious Wars and Unrest 1. In 1494, King Charles VIII of _______ invaded Italy. This began a series of wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian Peninsula. 2. Significance of wars: expanded Italian _________________ throughout Europe. 3. Conflicts among Germans: Peasants unhappy with high _______, lack of power - Reformation preachers gave backing to idea of ____________. 4. 1524, tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles, monasteries - __________________ - nobles harshly suppressed uprising. 5. __________ refusal to side with peasants prevented Reformation from spilling over into __________ revolution that encouraged social ____________. Tide of Protestantism 1. Holy Roman Emperor ___________ was determined to turn back tide of Protestantism - 1546, began war against ______________ princes of _____________. 2. 1555, Peace of _______________ signed - allowed each prince to choose religion subjects would practice. 3. Seeds of ______________ freedom had been planted. Conflicts between Religions 1. In France, _______________, the Protestant _____________, fought for years against Catholics. 2. Fighting ended when Huguenot leader, ____________________, became Catholic. 3. 1598, Henry’s ___________________ granted religious freedom to Protestants.