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Unit ONE Canada Geography, and You In geography, landscape refers to the natural features [e.g., mountains, rivers, wildlife] and human features [e.g., farmer’s fields, buildings that you can see in an area. Place is any spot or area on the surface of the earth Canada is the second largest country in the world, second only to Russia Two ways to give the location of a place: 1. Relative location: shows the way that places are connected to other places 2. Absolute location: the exact location of a place measured by its latitude and longitude Canada is divided into different regions [areas with similar characteristics] found on page 11 of textbook Three types of rock: 1. Igneous Rock - formed when magma cools and solidifies - contain minerals such as iron, copper, zinc and gold 2. Sedimentary Rock- formed when grains of sand and soil and rock particles are carried away, usually by water and wind, and laid down in layers - Contain deposits of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas 3. Metamorphic rocks- when igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks change into new rock types through heat and pressure - example limestone turns into marble How does nature shape the landscape? Two different kinds of forces are at work, WEATHERING and EROSION. Weathering is the breaking up of rocks into smaller pieces by wind, rain, water, ice, plant roots and chemical reaction. Erosion is the movement of broken up particles to other places. How are mountains formed? Mountains are formed by a push-and-pull process known as plate tectonics. For example, the Appalachian Mountains in eastern Canada were formed when the North American Plate collided with Europe and northern Africa more than 300 million years ago. The power of ice Glaciers are key agents of erosion and deposition [laying down of earth materials]. Glaciers moves across the land, it bulldozes everything in its path, picking up soil, gravel, trees, huge chunks of rock. This is later deposited in other places. The Great Lakes and Fiords of BC were created by glaciers. INTERACTIONS -interactions are influences that people or things have on each other - nothing on Earth exists without interactions Three main types of interactions: 1. Nature has an impact on people By studying how natural events affect people, we can prepare for these events so that there are fewer lives lost and less damage. 2. People have an impact on their environment Studying how people affect their environment can help us manage our natural resources so they are sustainable[able to last into future] 3. People’s actions may affect other people Studying how people’s actions may affect other people can help us improve the quality of life for more people. How does Nature affect People? - Affects where people live and the activities they engage in - Provide a setting for recreation and tourism - Provide us with a wealth of resources and lure people to work in resource based towns - Natural hazards like hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados and tsunamis [gigantic, fast moving wave caused by an undersea earthquake] cause death and destruction How do people affect the natural environment? - Human activities, such as growing crops, cutting forests, building dams, and cities, and creating waste have changed the surface of Canada. - Some activities have helped the natural setting, such as recycling and good farming practices - Some activities have harmed the natural setting like producing waste that pollutes streams and farming practices that erode the soil Sustainable Development - Means improving our quality of life while using natural resources wisely so that they last and are available for future generations. - Four R’s are reduce, reuse, recycle and respect the Earth Bioregion - Is a small local region with distinct natural features [climate, soil, plants, animals, landforms] - Your bioregion is often based on the watershed you live in. A watershed is the area of land that drains into a particular river system or body of water. UNIT 2 We live in a world of systems System Is a set of parts that together form an interconnected whole Natural systems Include the circulation of water in the ocean, weather and climate systems, water drainage systems, and energy cycles. They form the ecosystems [community of plants and animals and non living things that interact with one another to make up our environment] Human systems Include human settlements, transportation systems such as highways railway, and airline routes; communication systems such as telephones and information systems such as the internet. Earth is made up of four spheres that are interconnected: 1. Atmosphere – is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth - Protects us from the sun’s intense energy and distributes heat around the planet 2. Lithosphere- the earth’s crust and the uppermost part of the underlying mantle consisting of rocks, minerals and soil - Two kilometres thick[ mid oceanic ridge under the Atlantic ocean] to 250 kilometres thick in parts of continents - Broken into crustal plates that move slowly around on the underlying mantle in the process of plate tectonics 3. Hydrosphere- all the water on the Earth’s crust- salty, fresh or frozen - Includes lakes, rivers, glaciers, swamps, and water vapour - Includes water stored in the organs of plants and animals - Cryosphere- is the frozen parts of the hydrosphere 4. Biosphere- the layer of the earth which life evolves - Since living things are found everywhere, the whole planet and all its spheres together are often referred to as the biosphere Energy, the fuel of life - Energy comes from the sun - PHOTONS are little pockets of energy in sunlight that are captured by plants during the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS [process by which plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates] Characteristics of Natural Systems Support all living things, including humans Are driven by the energy from the sun Display synergy [the whole system is greater than the sum of its parts] Operate in all four of Earth’s spheres Operate on very long timelines; from hundreds to millions of years Are not well understood by humans Can be affected by natural events and human influences Decompose and recycle all wastes Are connected to one another in a complex network of relationships Three important natural cycles are: 1. Water cycle: The natural system that involves the circulation of water through the atmosphere and the oceans through evaporation, runoff, and precipitation. - Much of Canada’s water is located in uninhabited area or is stored underground in rocks and aquifers [a layer of porous rock under the Earth’s surface that can store large quantities of water that can be tapped by drilling a well 2. Carbon-oxygen cycle : the movement of carbon and oxygen through the Earth’s systems -Carbon is stored in oceans, forests, soil, rocks and underground deposits of fossil fuels. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air or water and through photosynthesis release oxygen into the environment. When we breathe we convert the oxygen back into carbon and the cycle continues. 3. Decay cycle: The process of decomposition and regeneration in nature. - There is no waste in a natural system. When an animal or plant dies Decomposers [an organism, such as fungi and bacteria that breakdown and recycle organic material], the remaining nutrients enrich the soil and help more plants to grow. Human Systems - Is a system that is created by humans Two examples of human systems are: - Transportation systems: are the interconnecting networks of roads and the bus, train, airline, and cycling routes that link you with other people and places. - Economic systems: are integrated activities that produce and deliver all the goods and services that we enjoy every day Characteristics of Human Systems - Depend on natural systems - Can be affected by outside events and influences - Are not well understood by humans - Operate on shorter timelines than natural systems - May recycle wastes but usually end up with some, and more often with a lot of harmful waste - Display synergy - Are interconnected in a complicated network of relationships Infrastructure- the structures or networks of basis services needed for the functioning of a community or economy Meteorologists -people who study and forecast weather CANADA’S CLIMATE REGIONS 1. Arctic – very cold winter, short cold summer, very dry 2. Subarctic- cold winter, cool summer, moderate precipitation 3. Pacific- mild winter, warm summer, heavy precipitation 4. Mountain- temperatures and precipitation vary greatly 5. Prairie- cold winter, hot summer, dry 6. Lower Lakes- cool winter, hot summer, moderate precipitation 7. Atlantic- cold winter, warm summer, moderate precipitation ECOZONES Ecozone - a region based on a combination of natural and human characteristics that are similar throughout Canada has 20 ecozones, most of which are unique in the world. There are 15 terrestrial [land] regions and 5 marine [ocean] regions that are found in Canada. [pg 101 in text] Characteristics of ecozones Geology Landforms climate Wildlife natural vegetation Humans soils water Biodiversity - The diversity of species of life on Earth. Every ecozone has different species living in them Ecology - Is the study of the interactions of living [biotic] things with one another and with the non-living [abiotic] parts of the natural environment. How do people affect Ecozones? - Smoggy air through industries and burning of fossil fuels - Polluting water through industrial waste - Disappearing forests and animals through building of cities, mining and farming - Collapse of fisheries through overfishing and global warming CANADA”S POPULATION Population- is the measure of the number of people who live in a specific place at a specific time Canada’s population is approximately 33.5 million Advantages of a small population - Limits the human effects on nature - Reduces crowding and traffic - Many resources for few people Disadvantages of a small population - Finding enough skilled labour - Taxes could be higher to pay for services Population Density - A measure of crowdedness - Calculated by dividing the population by the total land area - Canada’s population density is approximately 3 people per square kilometre Why is it important for geographers to study population density? - Helps in planning infrastructure such as transportation and communication systems - Helps develop land use strategies [parks, recreation, houses, stores etc] How do natural systems affect where people live in Canada? - Climate is warmer in the south so most people live there - Great Lakes and St Lawrence River provide good transportation routes - Coastal regions in Atlantic Canada are close to ocean resources - Settlements follow the valleys in the western Cordillera Where do people come from in Canada? - Canada is represented by about 200 countries - Most people have an European background - Recent years a lot of people come from Asian Countries - Aboriginal groups are found throughout Canada Canada has an official policy of Multiculturalism [ a policy that encourages cultural diversity and respect for cultural diversity within a country]. However some countries prefer Assimilation [ making differences the same]. Challenges of Multiculturalism - Cultural discrimination is hard to control - Hard to create a national identity - People feel that there are a lot of mini- versions of home countries in Canada While Multiculturalism is challenging, most people in Canada agree that it does offer an incredible way to learn, live, and love cultural diversity. Culture - beliefs, traditions, and ways of life of a group of people. - Includes food, clothing, language, music, architecture, family traditions, spiritual beliefs and recreational activities Demographic Patterns and Trends Demography- the numerical study of the characteristics, trends, and issues of a population Key goal of studying population is to be able to determine the needs of Canadian society today and to plan for the future. Components of population change 1. Birth Rate- number of children born in an area for every 1000 people. [Canada’s birth rate is 11.3] 2. Death Rate- number of people who die in an area for every 1000 people [Canada’s death rate is 7.3] 3. Immigration- moving from another country to live in Canada 4. Emigration- leaving Canada to take up residence in another country Population pyramids - Is a graph which shows the age and sex of a population - If the graph is thicker at the bottom than the population will be increasing - If the graph is thicker towards the top, this generally indicates an aging population - Emigration and Immigration Push factors- those conditions that cause a person to leave their home country. - Famine - War - Persecution based on religion, race etc - Lack of employment Pull factors- conditions or situations that attract immigrants to settle in one country or another - Prospects for employment - High quality of life - Excellent education opportunity for children - More democratic society In Canada most immigrants come from Philippines, India, China, United Kingdom and the United States Out migration- when people leave a province or territory and move to another province or territory In- migration- when people come to live permanently in a province or territory Most people that move are people with a post secondary education and are young, between the ages of 15 and 44. Where do Canadians live? Canada’s population is distributed across approximately 10 million kilometres square Urban An area where a lot of people live at a high density Over 80% of the people in Canada live in an urban area Urbanization- refers to the growing trend of increasing numbers of people choosing to live in cities Census metropolitan areas [CMAs]- a community with a population greater than 100 000 people, consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a large urban core Population centre- an urban area with a population of at least1000 and a density of 400 or more people per square kilometre Top 5 cities in Canada in terms of growth rate are: 1. Calgary, Alberta 2. Edmonton, Alberta 3. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 4. Kelowna, British Columbia 5. Moncton, New Brunswick - St John’s is in 9th place in terms of growth rate Issues affecting Urban Areas Service Availability [infrastructure, linkages, human resources] Population Concerns [poverty, crowding, employment] Environmental concerns [pollution, loss of arable land] Quality of life [green spaces, crime, quality of life] Rural An area where people are spread out at a low density Most are resource based communities [ mining, fishing, farming, forestry] Issues affecting Rural Areas Service availability [maintaining infrastructure, providing medical services, schools] Population [declining tax base] Employment [impact of resource activities] Quality of life [pace of life] URBAN LAND USE Land use- is a term that geographers and planners use to identify the different areas where people live, shop, work, play, and go to school Six main designations for Urban Land use: 1. Residential- land allocated to living space[single-family houses, town houses and apartment buildings 2. Transportation- roads, highways, subways, streetcars, trains and airplanes 3. Commercial land- assigned to businesses [shopping malls, box stores] 4. Industrial- land allocated for factories, warehouses and secondary industries. Usually found along major transportation routes 5. Institutional- schools, hospitals, places of worship and government houses 6. Open Space and Recreational- forest, wetlands, playgrounds, parks, golf courses, and sport fields Economic issues in Canadian Geography Economics Is the study of how we use our limited resources to meet our relatively unlimited needs and wants Natural resource- is anything found in nature that can be used by people Three types of natural resources 1. Renewable resources- can grow again after people harvest them. Ex forest, fish, plants, soil 2. Non-renewable resource- when they are used, they are gone forever. Ex minerals, fossil fuels 3. Flow resources- neither renewable or non-renewable, replaced simultaneously. Ex wind, sunlight, running water Canada’s economy depends on natural resources. Prosperity is the result of: - A strong natural resource base - Skilled workers - Favourable patterns of world trade and strong export markets - Innovation and ingenuity - Figure 6.1 on page 238 show examples of our valuable resources It is very important that Canada has a SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE SYSTEM- a system that will last into the future and will not be used up faster than it can either renew or recycle itself, or be replaced with other resources. Economic terms: Imports- goods and services brought in from another country Exports- sales of our products and services to other countries Gross domestic product [GDP]- an economic indicator that measures the value of all goods and services produced in one country in one year Supply and demand- can a country produce enough goods or services and do other counties want to buy the good and services Trends that are taking place in the world that have an effect on natural resources in Canada. - Consumption of natural resources is increasing in Canada and around the world - Competition for selling natural resources is increasing on a global scale - Control of natural resources is concentrated in the hands of large international companies - People are more concerned about the natural environment - Canada needs to address the rights and title to land of Aboriginal groups - Development of new technology is changing the way resources are both extracted and protected Types of industries found in Canada Industry- refers to particular types of labour that are done in exchange for pay Primary Industry - Economic activity that extracts or harvests natural resources from the environment - Examples, fishing, mining, forestry, logging and trapping - This type of industry is declining in Canada Secondary Industry - Economic activity that uses unprocessed raw materials from primary industry to manufacture consumer products - Examples, car assembly plants, fish plants Tertiary Industry - Economic activity that provides services - Examples nursing, mechanics, waitresses - As Canada became more industrialized[economically developed] there was a shift from primary industries to tertiary industries Quaternary Industry - Economic activity that involves the provision of services related to the creation of knowledge, ideas, research and development, and technology - Examples scientists, engineers and market researchers - To be successful quaternary industries depend on 1. Rapid flow of accurate and useful information 2. Awareness of many aspects of a problem 3. Raw brainpower and creativity to solve problems - More important today because we are putting pressure on our natural resources and we need to find new ways to sustain them - Workers are usually highly educated and well trained AGRICULTURE - About 7% of Canada’s land area is arable[suitable for growing crops] Factors affecting agriculture 1. Climate, landforms and soil conditions are the most important natural factors 2. Demands by consumers for certain products 3. Transportation facilities that are available 4. Closeness to markets 5. Competition that you may have from other lower-cost growers 6. Changing prices for food on world markets Challenges farmers face - Natural hazards such as early frosts, drought, floods and animal diseases - High cost for fuel and equipment - Low crop prices - Competition from more heavily subsidized farmers in other countries - Competition from large industrialized factory farms Subsidy- money given to a farmer by the government to offset some of their cost Factory farms- large scale form of agriculture where large numbers of animals are kept in confined spaces and treated with hormones and antibiotics to maximize growth and prevent diseases Agribusiness industry- a large scale farming business that carries out all the steps involved in producing food: growing, storing, processing and transporting Trends in agriculture - Changing consumer demands [healthy food and naturally grown] - Changing technology [pesticides, equipment] - Fewer farmers but larger farms - More factory farming Sustainable agriculture - Meets Canadians’ needs for food so we don’t have to rely on food imported from other countries - Makes efficient use of fossil fuels to run farm machinery - Protects surface and ground water, as well as air and soil quality - Reduces the uses of chemicals - Provides jobs and a profitable industry - Encourages positive contact between farmers and consumers - Support small farms and urban agriculture FISHERY Fisheries refer to commercial fishing operations, mainly on Canada’s ocean coasts and in some large freshwater lakes Continental shelf - The outer edge of the continent that extends below the surface of the ocean - Great place for fishing because it is has shallow warmer water, nutrient rich water stirred up by ocean currents and lots of plankton [food for fish] because the sunlight reaches the ocean floor. Types of fish 1. Groundfish which prefer to live on ocean floor. Examples are cod, halibut, sole and haddock 2. Pelagic fish that feed in open water such as sardines, mackerel, herring, tuna and salmon 3. Shellfish such as lobster , crab and scallops Trends in Canada’s fisheries - Demand for fish is growing - Cod and salmon stocks are declining - Fishers are turning to other species such as shellfish to earn a living - Fish farming is increasing Risks for the fishery 1. Overfishing – people are catching more than their quota [allowable catch per boat or per year] 2. Destructive fishing practices- nets dragging along the ocean floor destroying the fish habitat 3. Technology- with GPS, fish finders and better gear it is much easier to catch fish 4. Global warming is changing the temperature of ocean water Aquaculture - Fish farming; breeding and growing of fish in controlled spaces Advantages of aquaculture - Year round product for market - Provides jobs for unemployed fishers - Farmed fish are rich in omega 3 fats and are healthy to eat Disadvantages of aquaculture Waste produce by fish fall to bottom of ocean and pollute natural habitat Diseases spread easily when fish are grown in confined spaces Farmed species of fish are very aggressive if they escape into the wild How to build a sustainable fishery - Choose better methods of catching the fish [hook and line rather than otter trawls] - Put severe fines in place to stop overfishing - Don’t pollute the ocean - Gain scientific and local knowledge about the fish stocks - Marine protection areas in the oceans Mining Three types of minerals 1. Metallic minerals- a mineral that is a metal, such as iron, nickel and copper 2. Non-metallic mineral- a mineral, such as salt or potash, that is not a metal 3. Fuel minerals- a fossil fuel mineral, such as coal, oil, and natural gas Mining towns - Usually a single industry resource town. Ex Labrador city for iron ore - The town needs to diversify its economy in order to survive - Ghost towns are created when all the minerals are mined. Mining and the economy - Ontario, Saskatchewan, BC and Quebec produce 80% of the total value of Canada’s minerals - In Newfoundland and Labrador the mining industry produces 8.6% of the provinces GDP - Mining generates 80 billion a year for Canada - Nunavut, with its vast territory of Canadian Shield rock, is a prime location for future exploration and development of gold, base minerals and diamond mines Environmental Impacts of mining - The building of infrastructure needed to support a mine [roads, airstrips, a town site] causes the removal of natural vegetation, causing soil erosion and harm to wildlife - Blasting with explosives may affect water drainage systems and wildlife - Extracting some minerals out of the ore involves the use of toxic chemicals such as arsenic or cyanide - Improper storage of fuels and chemicals may cause leaking into groundwater and surface water - Waste material like slag [molten waste material from nickel smelting] and tailings [finely ground up rock left over after the mineral has been extracted] - Air pollutants contribute to acid rain - Former shafts and tunnels may be filled with tailings, which may leak chemicals into groundwater What mining companies are doing to protect natural environment? - Investing millions of dollars on technology to reduce emissions - Encouraging recycling programs to help sustain their resource - Finding greener ways to get energy for their mining operations[wind power and hydro power] - Working with local groups to build golf courses, parks, recreational lakes when the mine closes FORESTRY Facts - ½ of Canada’s land area is covered in forest - 57% of forested area is considered commercial forest [capable of producing marketable products such as timber The value of forest Economic Value - More than 300 communities depend on forestry in Canada - Provides jobs to 195,000 people - In Newfoundland and Labrador 5500 people are employed in forestry work - Canada exports $24 billion worth of forest products each year - Camping, hunting and resort hotels bring in billions each year Ecological Value - Forest reduce soil erosion, recycle water, and control water flow - Improve air quality by producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide - Forest act as carbon sinks [storing carbon that would otherwise contribute to global warming] - Provide habitats for animals Cultural value - Scenic beauty and spiritual sanctuary - Recreation Forest harvesting methods 1. Clear cutting is a method that involves clearing all the trees in an area at one time. Advantage for logging companies because it costs less and can be safer for loggers. Disadvantage is that it creates desert like landscape ,soil erosion and loss of habitats for tree species and animals 2. Strip cutting is a form of clear cutting in which long strips of land are cleared leaving parts of the forest intake. This reduces soil erosion, less disruptive to wildlife and allows natural reseeding to take place 3. Shelterwood cutting is used in areas where trees are the same age. Some mature trees are cut remaining trees provide shade needed for the growth of younger trees 4. Selection cutting is used where there are different types of trees of various ages. Most environmentally friendly way of cutting forests Sustaining our forests - Leaving a band of forest around the shores of lakes and rivers and avoiding cutting on slopes to reduce erosion - Reducing the size of clear cutting areas - Forest protection areas where they are left alone - New ways of constructing houses Water Water ethics- a set of moral principles about what is right or wrong when considering the use of water Views about water commons view Some people believe that having clean water is a basic human right. If this is your view then you think that nature’s resources belong to everyone commodity view Others see water as an economic resource- a commodity that may be owned privately and sold for a profit. Where is Canada’s water? - Canada has 20% of the world’s fresh water - Found in lakes, rivers and wetlands - 50% of the water in Canada’s rivers flow into the Arctic and is unavailable for the densely populated areas of the south Importance of the wetlands - Protects local water quality - Creates clean water by filtering out sediments and pollution - Provides home to many species of birds Energy Resources Energy resources can be defined as a power source that people can use to do work in order to meet their needs and wants. Energy resources fall into two main categories [1] flow resources eg wave and [2] non-renewable eg nuclear Why the world is becoming increasingly dependent on oil 1. An expanding world population means more energy is needed 2. Emerging industrial countries like China, India and Malaysia have standards of living that are becoming higher. This increases their need for energy 3. People in industrialized countries, such as Canada and the United States, continue to use cheap energy to improve their standard of living Comparing energy resources COAL Advantages -readily available in Canada - used in smelting iron into steal - cheap Disadvantages -very heavy polluter -produces 29%more carbon than oil and 80%more than natural gas when burned -coal mining is very dangerous -shipped by train or ship OIL Advantages -used to make many different materials like plastics, cosmetics, tar etc -used to make gasoline for cars -Carried in pipelines -plentiful in Canada Disadvantages -drilling is expensive and time-consuming -oil spills cause ecological disasters -creates greenhouse gases Natural Gas Advantages -carried in pipelines -relatively clean -produces less greenhouse gases than oil or coal -plentiful in Canada Disadvantages -unstable gas that can explode -constructing massive pipelines to transport gas across vast distances causes environmental damage Hydroelectricity Advantages -clean-no greenhouse gases -many power sites in Canada -inexpensive and reliable -requires no fuel Disadvantages -dams affect ecosystems -dams cause mercury pollution in reservoirs which bioaccumulates in animals and people -disrupts traditional Aboriginal lifestyles Nuclear Energy Advantages -clean no greenhouse gases -uranium is abundant and inexpensive -cheap to run plant Disadvantages -plant very expensive to build and decommission after short life span [20-25 years] -plants often shut down for repairs -radioactive waste impossible to dispose of -fears of nuclear accident and of nuclear weapons Canada’s energy resources sustain the modern lifestyle we all enjoy. They are also a valuable resource that can be traded on the international market, and they provide other countries with a way of improving their standard of living, too. Many people believe that the burning of fossil fuels to supply our energy needs is causing GLOBAL WARMING- refers to the gradually increasing average temperature of the Earth as a whole. Consequences of Global Warming - Plants and trees that thrive in colder temperatures are creeping north into the tundra ecosystem - Animals such as caribou have had to move farther north and change their long-term migration patterns - Sea ice is melting - Northern permafrost is disappearing causing homes to collapse - In southern part of Canada, changing weather patterns are bringing more severe storms - More precipitation for eastern Canada - Effects on the economy of Canada 1. Drier climate in Prairies affect agriculture 2. Forest fires because of drier summers affect forestry 3. Melting permafrost in north affects transportation therefore affecting the mining industry 4. Tourism like ski resorts will suffer 5. Service industries will be affected. Healthcare because of people affected by higher temperatures and more tropical diseases. Engineers and transportation workers will be constantly fixing roads damaged by flooding What can be done to reduce global warming People - Turn off lights and appliances - Keep thermostat higher in summer and lower in winter - Reduce, reuse and recycle - Car pool and use public transit - Buy use clothes and reduce the need for consumer goods Corporations - Introduce the paperless office - Turn off lights outside of office hours - Use energy efficient appliances and photocopiers - Use computer archives instead of filing cabinets Governments - Legislate lower emissions for cars - Provide incentives to develop energy alternatives - Provide grants to help people insulate their homes - Increase taxes on fossil fuels to make people use them less GLOBALIZATION Globalization is the increasing integration of economics, trade, financial services and cultures from around the world. Canada is part of the global community. We are connected to the world around us in many ways, such as through tourism, trade, sports, communication systems and technology. Global village- the concept that people around the world can interact almost as easily as if the world were one large village due to advances in communications and technology Global issues a. Child labour- we are connected by local stores importing carpets, shoes or clothing made by children b. Poverty and world hunger- we contribute to food banks, shelters for homeless and breakfast programs c. International drug trade- They supply our community with drugs d. Global warming- this affects our weather patterns and more severe storms e. Free trade- we are connected because our local farmers have to compete with farmers worldwide f. Terrorism- We have to be screen when going on planes and passports are being used more Global citizen- is someone who wants to make the world a better place Comparing quality of life Human Development Index is used to measure the well-being of people, especially children, by examining three major factors: -first factor is longevity, or how long people’s lives are -second factor is knowledge, which is measured by people’s literacy rates and education levels -third factor is a decent standard of living, and this is measured by per capita gross domestic product [GDP] Development status -is a rating of a country’s social systems, such as education and health care, as well as its economic systems Three main classifications of developing status are: 1. Developed world - High GDP - Strong economy - Well developed infrastructure - Strong social network that includes health care and education - Highly developed secondary and tertiary industries to process and sell goods 2. The developing world - Low standard of living - Usually primary activities - Very little processing or manufacturing of resources - Infrastructures such as roads and health care systems are poorly developed 3. Newly industrialized countries - Include Brazil, India and China - Economies have traditionally been centred on agriculture, but they are now on the way to developing secondary industries, such as manufacturing and technology Global Economy -United States is Canada’s biggest trading partner -Canada and NAFTA [North American Free Trade Agreement]. This agreement was signed in1992 between Canada, The United States and Mexico phasing out TARIFFS [tax imposed on imports] Canada’s reasons for trading goods and services Why export? 1. Increased income- sells from goods and services create revenue for Canada and Canadians 2. Jobs- many Canadians work in fields that are related to the export of goods and services 3. Economy of Scale- by producing more of a product, it can become cheaper to make it. In the end, this means cheaper goods and services to Consumers 4. Increased Innovation- when goods and services are sent to another country they are exposed to greater competition from other goods. This means that quality must be high if products are to be sold Why Import? 1. Product Needs- some products cannot be produced easily or obtained in Canada 2. Jobs-many Canadians work in jobs related to the import and distribution of goods and services 3. Cheaper Goods- greater competition among producers causes prices to be cheaper 4. More Choice- greater choice means greater competition creating better quality of goods and services 5. International Development- promotes wealth in trading partners Import Substitution -refers to the practice of buying Canadian products instead of goods produced elsewhere. This helps create and save jobs and reduces our ecological footprint. Canada makes a difference globally through their involvement with the United Nations [international organization that was formed to create peace, security and cooperation among the countries of the world]. There are 192 countries in the world that are part of the United Nations. Canada is also involved in CIDA [Canadian International Development Agency]. The purpose of CIDA is to help countries that require humanitarian assistance, and to promote social development within these countries