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Motivation and Emotion Ms. Reem Al Owaybil Motivation: - A need or a desire, that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. - The processes involved in initiating, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. Types of Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation: Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake • Extrinsic Motivation: Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g., a reward) Theories of Motivation: 1- Instincts • An inherited tendency to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli • Weakness – Human behaviors are more complex and flexible than instincts can explain. • Evolutionary psychology – Hardwired goals (such as finding mates) – Cognitive strategies (such as deception) 2- Drive Theory • An internal imbalance caused by the lack of a needed substance or condition that motivates animals (including humans) to reach a particular goal that will reduce the imbalance • Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition 3-Arousal Theory • We seek intermediate levels of stimulation. – When under stimulated, we seek arousal. – When overstimulated, we seek less stimulation. Arousal Approach to Motivation: • • Yerkes-Dodson law: – Performance is related to arousal – Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance Effect varies with the difficulty of the task: – Easy tasks require a high-moderate level – More difficult tasks require a low-moderate level The Yerkes-Dodson Law Maslow’s Humanistic Theory: Hierarchy of Needs: • Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. • The notion that needs occur in priority order. Hierarchy of Needs • Self-actualization – Point that is seldom reached – Individual has sufficiently satisfied lower needs – Achieved full human potential – Peak experiences • Times where self-actualization is temporarily achieved Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Cross-cultural research – Suggests order of needs does not always hold true for other cultures • Other theorists have developed and refined Maslow’s hierarchy • Alderfer (1972) – Believed that more than one need could be active at a time. – Progression up and down the hierarchy is common. – One need assumes greater importance at a particular time than other needs. Hunger • Hunger is the motivation for us to be able to know that we need to get the nutrients in our body. • But how do we really know that we are hungry? Biological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating: • Insulin: a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the blood • Glucagon: hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream • Weight set point: the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain Psychological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating: 1. Emotional state 2. Learning 3. Culture 4. Eating Disorders: Anorexia Disorder – Bulimia Disorder Physical or Psychological Hunger? Have you ever noticed that when you eat desert at the end of a meal, you aren’t physically hungry for it -but you still eat it? You may even feel full – but you still eat it. This desire to eat something sweet after a meal, almost as though you aren’t finished unless you have that sweet thing, is a form of psychological hunger. So how do we know the difference? Biological hunger is when we haven’t eaten for hours. Psychological hunger is when we desire to eat even after eating a big meal or when we are having a craving for a specific food. Psychological hunger is not caused by an actual, physical pain or need for food to survive. • What evidence points to our human need to belong? The Need to Belong • We are what Aristotle called “the social animal”. • Evidence for the deep need to belong: 1. Aiding survival: For children by keeping close to the caregiver, the Attachment served as survival impulse. For adults: people in every society on earth belong to groups. • People who feel supported by close relationships are not only happier, they also live with better health and at lower risk for psychological disorder and premature death than those who lack social support. 2. Wanting to belong: We spent great deal of time thinking about our relationships with others, when asked: “what is necessary for your happiness?” most people mention before anything else: satisfying relationship with family, friends or romantic partners. How Do Our Emotions Motivate Us? • Emotions are a special class of motives that help us attend and respond to important (usually external) situations and communicate our intentions to others. Emotion and the body: Primary emotions Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based, usually thought to include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt Secondary emotions Emotions that are specific to certain cultures Your turn Which of the following is a primary emotion? 1. Love 2. Suspicion 3. Joy 4. Jealousy Identifying Facial Expressions of Emotion The Energy of Emotion When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are released. Epinephrine Norepinephrine Results in increased alertness and arousal At high levels, can create sensation of being out of control emotionally. Hormones are only part of the physiological puzzle, as different emotions can trigger different brain activity. Happiness • Although fear narrows the scope of attention, happiness broadens the scope of attention. • Happiness is related to: – Life circumstances – Realistic expectations – Social support – Genes – Money? Fear • Four basic facts about fear: – Fear can be an emotional reflex. – Fear can be classically conditioned. – Fear interacts with mental processes. – The amygdala does not play a role in producing the emotional “feel” of fear. – No one brain area gives rise to fear (or any emotion). Expressing Emotion • Display rule • A culture-specific rule that indicates when, to whom, and how strongly certain emotions can be shown • Body language • Nonverbal communication • Role in conveying sexual interest • Emotion regulation Your turn Do lie detector tests reliably indicate deception? 1. Yes 2. No Detecting Deception • Deception Cues • Repeated observations necessary for accurate detection • Longer pauses in speech • Constrained movement/gesturing • Speech errors • Nervous gestures • Rhythmic body movements • Reduced blinking • Less smiling • “Lie detectors”: Do they really work? • Polygraph: measures of physical arousal Does the body lie? Polygraph testing relies on autonomic nervous system arousal. The assumption behind such testing is that a lie generates emotional arousal. Polygraph Tests The validity is highly questionable. Inadmissible in courts in about half of the states in the USA Many government agencies continue to use them in the hopes that guilty people will confess if they think they’ve failed the test. How Thoughts Create Emotions: Beliefs, perceptions, expectations, and attributions are involved in emotions. How one reacts to an event depends on how the person explains it. For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medal Apply what you know: You come in second in a race. You tell yourself that you tried your hardest and that you made the best effort possible. How do you likely feel about your finish? A. Positive B. Negative Apply what you know: You come in second in a race. You tell yourself that winning is the only thing that matters. How do you likely feel about your finish? A. Positive B. Negative Gender and emotions • Research suggests that men and women feel the same emotions at about the same rates. • Where the genders may differ, however, is in the expression of these emotions. • The expression of anger seems to be more expected and accepted in men, while the expression of happiness is associated and expected from women. Factors influencing emotional expressiveness 1. Gender roles 2. Cultural norms 3. Situational specifics Developing Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence: • Perceiving emotions • Using emotions • Understanding emotions • Managing emotions Thank you.