Download Motivation and Emotion Ms. Reem Al Owaybil Motivation:

Motivation and Emotion
Ms. Reem Al Owaybil
Motivation:
- A need or a desire, that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal.
- The processes involved in initiating, directing, and maintaining
physical and psychological activities.
Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation:
Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake
• Extrinsic Motivation:
Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence
(e.g., a reward)
Theories of Motivation:
1- Instincts
• An inherited tendency to produce organized and unalterable
responses to particular stimuli
• Weakness
– Human behaviors are more complex and flexible than
instincts can explain.
• Evolutionary psychology
– Hardwired goals (such as finding mates)
– Cognitive strategies (such as deception)
2- Drive Theory
• An internal imbalance caused by the lack of a needed substance or
condition that motivates animals (including humans) to reach a
particular goal that will reduce the imbalance
• Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically
balanced condition
3-Arousal Theory
• We seek intermediate levels of stimulation.
– When under stimulated, we seek arousal.
– When overstimulated, we seek less stimulation.
Arousal Approach to Motivation:
•
•
Yerkes-Dodson law:
–
Performance is related to arousal
–
Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance
Effect varies with the difficulty of the task:
–
Easy tasks require a high-moderate level
–
More difficult tasks require a low-moderate
level
The Yerkes-Dodson Law
Maslow’s Humanistic Theory:
Hierarchy of Needs:
• Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with
physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level
safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
• The notion that needs occur in priority order.
Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-actualization
– Point that is seldom reached
– Individual has sufficiently satisfied lower needs
– Achieved full human potential
– Peak experiences
• Times where self-actualization is temporarily achieved
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Cross-cultural research
– Suggests order of needs does not always hold true for other
cultures
• Other theorists have developed and refined Maslow’s hierarchy
• Alderfer (1972)
– Believed that more than one need could be active at a time.
– Progression up and down the hierarchy is common.
– One need assumes greater importance at a particular time
than other needs.
Hunger
• Hunger is the motivation for us to be able to know that we need to
get the nutrients in our body.
•
But how do we really know that we are hungry?
Biological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating:
• Insulin: a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level
of glucose in the blood
• Glucagon: hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control
the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by
increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
• Weight set point: the particular level of weight that the body tries
to maintain
Psychological Factors Affecting Hunger and Eating:
1. Emotional state
2. Learning
3. Culture
4. Eating Disorders:
Anorexia Disorder – Bulimia Disorder
Physical or Psychological Hunger?
Have you ever noticed that when you eat desert at the end of a meal, you
aren’t physically hungry for it -but you still eat it? You may even feel
full – but you still eat it. This desire to eat something sweet after a meal,
almost as though you aren’t finished unless you have that sweet thing, is
a form of psychological hunger.
So how do we know the difference?
Biological hunger is when we haven’t eaten for hours. Psychological
hunger is when we desire to eat even after eating a big meal or when we
are having a craving for a specific food. Psychological hunger is not
caused by an actual, physical pain or need for food to survive.
• What evidence points to our human need to belong?
The Need to Belong
• We are what Aristotle called “the social animal”.
• Evidence for the deep need to belong:
1. Aiding survival:
For children by keeping close to the caregiver, the Attachment
served as survival impulse.
For adults: people in every society on earth belong to groups.
• People who feel supported by close relationships are not only
happier, they also live with better health and at lower risk for
psychological disorder and premature death than those who lack
social support.
2. Wanting to belong:
We spent great deal of time thinking about our relationships with
others, when asked: “what is necessary for your happiness?” most
people mention before anything else: satisfying relationship with
family, friends or romantic partners.
How Do Our Emotions Motivate Us?
• Emotions are a special class of motives that help us attend and
respond to important (usually external) situations and communicate
our intentions to others.
Emotion and the body:
Primary emotions
Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based, usually
thought to include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and
contempt
Secondary emotions
Emotions that are specific to certain cultures
Your turn
Which of the following is a primary emotion?
1. Love
2. Suspicion
3. Joy
4. Jealousy
Identifying Facial Expressions of Emotion
The Energy of Emotion
When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are
released.
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Results in increased alertness and arousal
At high levels, can create sensation of being out of control
emotionally.
Hormones are only part of the physiological puzzle, as different
emotions can trigger different brain activity.
Happiness
• Although fear narrows the scope of attention, happiness broadens
the scope of attention.
• Happiness is related to:
– Life circumstances
– Realistic expectations
– Social support
– Genes
– Money?
Fear
• Four basic facts about fear:
– Fear can be an emotional reflex.
– Fear can be classically conditioned.
– Fear interacts with mental processes.
– The amygdala does not play a role in producing the emotional
“feel” of fear.
– No one brain area gives rise to fear (or any emotion).
Expressing Emotion
• Display rule
• A culture-specific rule that indicates when, to whom, and
how strongly certain emotions can be shown
• Body language
• Nonverbal communication
• Role in conveying sexual interest
• Emotion regulation
Your turn
Do lie detector tests reliably indicate deception?
1. Yes
2. No
Detecting Deception
• Deception Cues
• Repeated observations necessary for accurate detection
• Longer pauses in speech
• Constrained movement/gesturing
• Speech errors
• Nervous gestures
• Rhythmic body movements
• Reduced blinking
• Less smiling
• “Lie detectors”: Do they really work?
• Polygraph: measures of physical arousal
Does the body lie?
Polygraph testing relies on autonomic nervous system arousal.
The assumption behind such testing is that a lie generates emotional
arousal.
Polygraph Tests
The validity is highly questionable.
Inadmissible in courts in about half of the states in the USA
Many government agencies continue to use them in the hopes that guilty
people will confess if they think they’ve failed the test.
How Thoughts Create Emotions:
Beliefs, perceptions, expectations, and attributions are involved in
emotions.
How one reacts to an event depends on how the person explains it.
For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning the silver
instead of the gold medal
Apply what you know:
You come in second in a race. You tell yourself that you tried your
hardest and that you made the best effort possible. How do you
likely feel about your finish?
A. Positive
B. Negative
Apply what you know:
You come in second in a race. You tell yourself that winning is the
only thing that matters. How do you likely feel about your finish?
A. Positive
B. Negative
Gender and emotions
• Research suggests that men and women feel the same emotions at
about the same rates.
• Where the genders may differ, however, is in the expression of
these emotions.
• The expression of anger seems to be more expected and accepted
in men, while the expression of happiness is associated and
expected from women.
Factors influencing emotional expressiveness
1. Gender roles
2. Cultural norms
3. Situational specifics
Developing Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence:
• Perceiving emotions
• Using emotions
• Understanding emotions
• Managing emotions
Thank you.