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French and Indian War
• What caused it?
• What happened during it?
• What were its consequences?
Major Players
Who were the major players vying for North America?
• Spain
• France
• England
• Native Americans
New Spain
• Why was it settled?
• Who settled it?
• Where was it?
• How many colonists were there?
• What happened to it?
New France
• Why was it settled?
• Who settled it?
• Where was it?
• How many colonists were there?
• Why so few?
– No gold or silver
– Emigration restricted to Catholics
– Fur traders more than farmers
– Little self-government
• What happened to it?
New England
• Why was it settled?
• Who settled it?
• Where was it?
• How many colonists were there?
• Why so many?
– Natural increase
– Political and social unrest in England
– Enclosure movement
Native Americans
• Why were they there?
• Where are they?
• Who are they?
• Why so weak?
– Effects of the fur trade
– Intensification of inter-tribal rivalries
– Destabilization of the tribal political system
– The aggravating effects of alcohol
• How many?
Background to the War
The Colonial Wars (1689-1763)
Timeline of the
French & Indian War
• Phase I: 1754-1755, early skirmishes in colonies only
• Phase II: 1756-early 1758, wider war; French victories
• Phase III: 1758-1761, the tide turns, English victories
• Phase IV: 1761-1763, war continues in Europe
Phase I (1754-1755)
Phase I (1754-1755)
Phase I (1754-1755)
Governor of Massachusetts who had been outspoken about need for colonial unity.
Albany Congress (1754)
Indian attacks (1755)
Lessons?
And now, because you’re tiring of this and need a break:
A few words about scalping.
Why scalp?
What’s the proper technique for scalping?
Who originated it and who did it?
How was the practice altered by the presence of Europeans?
Now back to our story….
Phase II (1756-early 1758)
Loudoun’s Conclusions
Loudoun’s Conclusions
PROBLEM: The colonials are bad citizens.
SOLUTION: Flour Act (1757), then embargo all trade
REACTION: Incensed the merchant class, tightened the colonial economy even more
THE RESULT: even more losses.
English port at Oswego, Ontario falls (1757)
Fort William Henry falls (1757)
Phase III (1758-1761)
Phase III: The Turnaround
Pitt took three steps:
Shifted the strategy from continental to colonial
Recalled Lord Loudoun
Informed colonists that if they would recommit men and material, he would pay
Colonists responded
Victories followed:
Plains of Abraham and the Battle of Quebec (1759)
Consequences
For France:
• Almost completely driven out of the new world
• Ceded their territory east of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) to Britain
• Ceded all territory west of the Mississippi to Spain
Consequences (cont’d)
For Native Americans:
• Didn’t matter whose side you were on, you lost.
• Could no longer play two powers off of each other.
Consequences (cont’d)
For the colonies:
• Gained self-confidence
• Gained military experience
• Began to see the need for colonial unity
• Cleared the way for movement west
• In some ways, never so proud of their empire or their place in it
• But in other ways, the seeds of Revolution are already cast
Consequences (cont’d)
For England:
• The dominant country in Europe and North America – indeed, the dominant country in the world.
• Debt
• Determination to regain control of colonies