Download I. Why We Eat

Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed.
Chapter 18: Nutrition and Metabolism
Chapter 18: Nutrition and Metabolism
I. Why We Eat
A. Nutrients are __________________________________________________________
B. Macronutrients are______________________________________________________
C. Micronutrients are ______________________________________________________
D. Besides nutrients, the body also requires ____________________________________
E. Digestion breaks down __________________________________________________
F. Metabolism refers to ____________________________________________________
G. Anabolism is __________________________________________________________
H. Catabolism is __________________________________________________________
I. Essential nutrients are ____________________________________________________
J. Leptin regulates ________________________________________________________
K. Cholecystokinin signals _______________________________________ after eating
while ___________________________________________________ stimulates appetite.
II. Carbohydrates
A. Introduction
1. Carbohydrates are ________________________________________________
2. The body uses carbohydrates for _____________________________________
B. Carbohydrate Sources
1. Sources of polysaccharides are ______________________________________
2. Sources of disaccharides are ________________________________________
3. Sources of monosaccharides are _____________________________________
4. Digestion breaks carbohydrates into __________________________________
5. Cellulose provides ________________________________________________
6. Other sources of fiber are ___________________________________________
C. Carbohydrate Utilization
1. Monosaccharides that are absorbed from the digestive tract include _________
__________________________________________________________________
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2. The liver enzymes ________________________________________________
that ______________________________________________________________
3. Glycogenesis is _______________________________________________ and
occurs in __________________________________________________________
4. Glycogenolysis is ______________________________________________ and
occurs in __________________________________________________________
5. Excess glucose that cannot be stored as glycogen is converted to ___________
6. Cells use some carbohydrates to produce ______________________________
7. Gluconeogenesis is_____________________________________________ and
occurs in __________________________________________________________
D. Carbohydrate Requirements
1. A recommended daily carbohydrate intake is ___________________________
2. The average diet contains________________________ of carbohydrates daily.
III. Lipids
A. Introduction
1. Lipids are ____________________ that include _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The functions of lipids are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Lipid Sources
1. Triglycerides are found in __________________________________________
2. Saturated fats are found in __________________________________________
3. Unsaturated fats are found in ________________________________________
4. Cholesterol is found in _____________________________________________
C. Lipid Utilization
1. Fats mainly supply ________________________________________________
2. Gram for gram, fats contain _________________________________________
as carbohydrates or proteins.
3. Before a triglyceride molecule can release energy, it must undergo __________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Digestion breaks triglycerides down into ______________________________
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5. Glycerol and fatty acids are transported in the ________________________ to
the _______________________________________________________________
6. Beta-oxidation is _________________________________________________
7. Fatty acid oxidases function to ______________________________________
8. Excess acetyl CoA is converted to ____________________________________
9. Glycerol is used to ________________________________________________
10. Glycerol and fatty acids can react together to form ___________________ and
can be stored in _____________________________________________________
11. The liver can convert fatty acids to __________________________________
12. Essential fatty acids are ___________________________________________
13. The liver uses free fatty acids to synthesize____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. The liver regulates the amount of cholesterol in the body by ______________
__________________________________________________________________
15. Cholesterol is not an energy source but it used to _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Lipid Requirements
1. The American Heart Associate recommends that the diet not exceed_________
___________________________________________________________from fat.
2. Dietary fats must supply the required amounts of ________________ vitamins.
IV. Proteins
A. Introduction
1. Proteins are polymers of ___________________________________________
2. Functions of proteins are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Deamination is ________________________________________________ and
occurs in the _______________________________________________________
4. Urea is _________________________________________________________
5. Using structural proteins to generate energy causes ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Protein Sources
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1. Foods rich in proteins are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Essential amino acids are ___________________________________________
3. All twenty amino acids must be present in the body for ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Complete proteins contain __________________________________________
5. Incomplete proteins has too little _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Sources of complete proteins are _____________________________________
7. Sources of incomplete proteins are ___________________________________
C. Nitrogen Balance
1. Nitrogen balance is _______________________________________________
2. A person who is starving has a negative nitrogen balance because ___________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Examples of persons with positive nitrogen balances are` _________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Protein Requirements
1. The amount of protein requires varies according to ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The recommended intake of protein per day is __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. A pregnant woman requires _____________________ extra grams per day and
a nursing mother requires ____________________________ extra grams per day.
4. Nutritional edema results from ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
V. Energy Expenditures
A. Introduction
1. ___________________________________________________ supply energy.
2. If the diet is deficient of energy-supplying nutrients, _____________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Excess intake of energy supplying nutrients may lead to __________________
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B. Energy Values of Foods
1. The amount of potential energy a food contains can be expressed as _________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A calorie is defined as _____________________________________________
3. A large calorie is _________________________________________________
4. A kilocalorie is ___________________________________________________
5. A___________________________ is used to measure caloric contents of food.
6. Caloric values determined in a bomb calorimeter are somewhat higher than ___
___________________________________________________________ because
__________________________________________________________________
7. Cellular oxidation yields on average about _____________________________
from 1 gram of carbohydrate, ___________________________ from one gram of
protein, and ______________________________________ from one gram of fat.
C. Energy Requirements
1. The factors that influence energy needs are _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Basal metabolic rate is _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________can be used to estimate a
person’s BMR.
4. The BMR indicates _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The BMR for an average adult indicates _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. BMR varies with _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________ requires the body’s greatest
expenditure of energy.
8. Growing children and pregnant women require more calories because _______
__________________________________________________________________
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D. Energy Balance
1. A state of energy balance exists when _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A positive energy balance is _____________________________________ and
body weight ________________________________________________________
3. A negative energy balance is _____________________________________ and
body weight ________________________________________________________
E. Desirable Weight
1. The most common nutritional disorders reflect __________________________
2. Overweight is defined as ___________________________________________
3. Obesity is _______________________________________________________
4. When a person needs to gain weight, diet can be altered to include __________
__________________________________________________________________
VII. Vitamins
A. Introduction
1. Vitamins are _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Provitamins are __________________________________________________
3. Vitamins can be classified based on __________________________________
4. Fat-soluble vitamins are ____________________________________________
5. Water-soluble vitamins are _________________________________________
B. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
1. The factors that affect fat-soluble vitamin absorption are __________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored ___________________________________ and
cooking/food processing ______________________________________________
3. Vitamin A is synthesized from ___________________________________ and
is stored in _________________________________________________________
4. Vitamin A is stable in __________________________________________ and
unstable in _________________________________________________________
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5. Functions of vitamin A are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Sources of vitamin A are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Excess vitamin A produces _________________________________________
____________________ and a deficiency produces _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Vitamin D is a group of _________________________________________ and
is stored ___________________________________________________________
9. Vitamin D is resistant to ___________________________________________
10. The functions of vitamin D are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Sources of vitamin D are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. An excess of vitamin D produces ___________________________________
_____________________ and a deficiency produces ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Vitamin E is stored in ____________________________________________
14. Vitamin E is resistant to ________________________________________ and
__________________________________________________________________
15. Functions of vitamin E are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. Sources of vitamin E are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17. An excess of vitamin E produces _________________________________ and
a deficiency produces ________________________________________________
18. Vitamin K is resistant to _______________________________________ and
Destroyed by _______________________________________________________
19. Vitamin K is stored _______________________________________________
20. Functions of vitamin K are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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21. A deficiency of vitamin K produce __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. Sources of vitamin K are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Water-Soluble Vitamins
1. Thiamine is vitamin _______ and is destroyed by _______________________
2. The functions of thiamine are _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Sources of thiamine are ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Deficiencies of thiamine produce ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Riboflavin is vitamin ________, is stable to _________________________ and
unstable in _________________________________________________________
6. The functions of riboflavin are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Sources of riboflavin are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Deficiencies of riboflavin produce ____________________________________
9. Niacin is stable in ______________________________________________ and
is synthesized from __________________________________________________
10. The functions of niacin are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Sources of niacin are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. An excess of niacin produces _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
And a deficiency produces ____________________________________________
13. Pantothenic acid is destroyed by ____________________________________
14. The functions of pantothenic acid are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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15. Sources of pantothenic acid are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. Vitamin B6 is stable in _________________________________________ and
unstable in _________________________________________________________
17. The functions of vitamin B6 are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
18. Sources of vitamin B6 are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. An excess of vitamin B6 produces ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. Cyanocobalamin is vitamin _________ and is stable in __________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. The absorption of cyanocobalamin is regulated by ______________________
22. The functions of cyanocobalamin are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
23. Sources of cyanocobalamin are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. A deficiency of cyanocobalamin produces ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
25. Folacin is unstable in __________________________________________ and
is stored __________________________________________________________
26. The functions of folacin are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
27. Sources of folacin are_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28. A deficiency of folacin produces ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
29. Biotin is stable in _____________________________________________ and
unstable in _________________________________________________________
30. The functions of biotin are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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31. Sources of biotin are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
32. Ascorbic acid is vitamin _________ and is stable in _____________________
_________________ but unstable in ___________________________________
33. Functions of ascorbic acid are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
34. Sources of ascorbic acid are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
36. A deficiency of ascorbic acid produces _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
VIII. Minerals
A. Introduction
1. Minerals are _____________________________________________________
2. Minerals are usually extracted from ______________________________ , and
humans obtain them by _______________________________________________
B. Characteristics of Minerals
1. Minerals are responsible for_________________________ of body weight and
are most concentrated in ______________________________________________
2. The minerals______________________________________ are very abundant
in bones and teeth.
3. Minerals are usually incorporated into ________________________________
4. Minerals compose parts of __________________________________________
5. Other functions of minerals are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The physiologically active form of minerals is __________________________
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C. Major Minerals
1. ___________________________________ are the most abundant of the major
minerals accounting for_______________________________________________
2. Other major minerals are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Calcium is primarily distributed _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Functions of calcium are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Sources of calcium are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. A calcium deficiency in children causes _______________________________
______________________________________________ and in adults may cause
__________________________________________________________________
7. Phosphorus is primarily distributed ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Functions of phosphorus are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Sources of phosphorus are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. Potassium is distributed ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Functions of potassium are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. A deficiency of potassium produces _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Sources of potassium are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Sulfur is distributed ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. Functions of sulfur are ____________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
16. Sources of sulfur are _____________________________________________
17. Sodium is distributed _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
18. Functions of sodium are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. An excess of sodium produces _________________________________ and a
Deficiency produces _________________________________________________
20. Sources of sodium are ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. Chlorine is distributed ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. Functions of chlorine are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
23. Sources of chlorine are____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. Magnesium is distributed __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
25. Functions of magnesium are _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
26. An excess of magnesium produces _____________________________ and a
deficiency produces _________________________________________________
27. Sources of magnesium are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Trace Elements
1. Trace elements are ________________________________________________
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2. Examples of trace elements include ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Iron is distributed in _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Functions of iron are ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Sources of iron are ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. An excess of iron produces ____________________________________ and a
deficiency produces _________________________________________________
7. Manganese is distributed ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Functions of manganese are _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Sources of manganese are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. Copper is distributed _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Functions of copper are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. Sources of copper are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Iodine is concentrated in __________________________________________
14. Functions of iodine are____________________________________________
15. Sources of iodine are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. An excess of iodine produces _________________________________ and a
deficiency produces _________________________________________________
17. Cobalt is _____________________________________________ distributed.
18. Functions of cobalt are ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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19. Sources of cobalt are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. An excess of cobalt produces __________________________________ and a
deficiency produces _________________________________________________
21. Zinc is distributed _______________________________________________
22. Functions of zinc are _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
23. Sources of zinc are _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. An excess of zinc produces ___________________________________ and a
deficiency produces _________________________________________________
25. Fluorine is distributed _____________________________________________
26. Functions of fluorine are __________________________________________
27. Sources of fluorine are ____________________________________________
28. An excess of fluorine produces _____________________________________
29. Selenium is distributed ____________________________________________
30. Functions of selenium are _________________________________________
31. Sources of selenium are ___________________________________________
32. An excess of selenium produces ____________________________________
33. Chromium is distributed __________________________________________
34. Functions of chromium are ________________________________________
35. Sources of chromium are __________________________________________
IX. Healthy Eating – The Food Pyramid and Reading Labels
A. Introduction
1. An adequate diet provides __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. It is not possible to design one diet for everyone because __________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. RDA stands for __________________________________________________
4. RDA values are set _______________ because _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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B. Malnutrition
1. Malnutrition is _______________________ that results from ______________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Undernutrition is ___________________________________ and overnutrition
is ________________________________________________________________
3. Primary malnutrition is ____________________________________________
4. Secondary malnutrition is __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Starvation
1. Introduction
a. A healthy person can stay alive for __________________ without food.
b. Starvation is seen in _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. After one day without eating, the body ___________________________
____________________________________________________________
d. By the third day of starvation, _________________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. Gradually during starvation, metabolism ___________________ , blood
pressure, __________________, the pulse ______________________ , and
_______________________________________________________ set in.
f. Eventually skin becomes dry and hair falls out because _____________
____________________________________________________________
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g. Near the end of starvation, the human is _________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
1. Marasmus is _______________________________________________
2. Children under the age of two with marasmus often die of ___________
____________________________ because ________________________
3. Kwashiorkor is characterized by ____________________________ and
develops when ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Ascites is _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Anorexia Nervosa
a. Anorexia nervosa is _________________________________________
b. Anorexia nervosa is most common in ___________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Treatments of anorexia nervosa are _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Bulimia
a. Bulimia is a condition in which ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. A dentist is sometimes the first to spot a person with bulimia because
____________________________________________________________
X. Life-Span Changes
A. Throughout life, dietary requirements ___________________________________ but
the ability to _____________________________________________________________
B. Changing nutrition with age often reflects ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition are ___________
________________________________________________________________________
D. The BMR rises ____________________ and declines _________________________
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