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Ch. 51?
What’s
in
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nomen
Ch. 51 Worksheet – Gerundives
I. GERUNDIVES (page 172) – which decline like any –us, -a, -um adjective
 Gerundives are more commonly used, instead of a gerund when the there is an object – keep in mind
the case needed 1st, then gender and number of the noun (page 172)
 Use of the gerundive with ad to show purpose (page 172)
 Use of the gerundive in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (p. 172, sentence # 2)
 The gerundive in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (p. 172, sentence # 7)
 NB 1: The gerundive of deponent verbs is translated passively. (page 172)
 P.S. Two epigrams (page 173)
 The Roman Empire (page 107)
The Short List for this chapter’s vocab:
incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātus/a/um = to spur on, urge on, incite
doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitus/a/um = to feel pain, suffer
recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessus/a/um = to go back, retire
doctrīna, doctrīnae F. = teaching, learning
praeceptum, praeceptī N. = advice, precept; instruction
sōlācium, sōlāciī N. = comfort
precēs, precum F pl. = prayers
voluptās, voluptātis F. = pleasure
plausus, plausūs M = applause
quisquis, quicquid = whoever, whatever
hodiernus, hodierna, hodiernum = today’s
suprēmus, suprēma, suprēmum = last, highest
tūtus, tūta, tūtum = safe
mollis, molle = soft, gentle
nōnnumquam = sometimes
semel = once
bis = twice
ter = thrice, three times
Gerundives (-nd-)
I. They look like gerunds, but gerundives are more versatile than gerunds.
b. What are the two main uses for gerundives?
(Ch. 51)
(Ch. 52)
c. Are gerundives nouns like gerunds, or are gerundives adjectives? Noun / Adjective (Circle one)
d. What is the other name for the gerundive?
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nomen
Ch. 51 Worksheet – Gerundives
RULE: When the gerund takes an object, the Romans typically converted the gerund phrase
into a gerundive phrase, by (1) putting the noun into the necessary case (so, if you have
means, put noun into the ablative. If you are using causā, put noun into genitive), then (2)
change the gerund to a gerundive to agree in case, number & gender with the noun
Gerundives (aka, Future Passive Participle): two uses…(1) Verbal Adjectives used like gerunds,
but made to agree with nouns, (2) The Passive Periphrastic Gerundive + a form of verb
“sum” to show necessity, obligation or duty – refer to chapter 52.
GERUNDS... ↓↓
Verbal NOUNS
Don’t agree with anything
Only singular
Only neuter
How to distinguish Gerunds from
Gerundives
Ch. 51
ACTIVE
GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal ADJECTIVES
Agree with a noun in any case
Can be singular or plural
Can be M, F, or N depending
on the noun it agrees with
PASSIVE
(1) The Forms of the Gerundive/Future Passive Participle- Declines like any regular 1st-2nd Declension Adjective like
magnus, magna, magnum in agreement with a noun or pronoun in case, #, and gender. Here’s the singular:
Nom Sing:
pugnandus
pugnanda
pugnandum
(x) to be fought
Gen Sing
pugnandī
pugnandae
pugnandī
of (x) to be fought
Dat Sing
pugnandō
pugnandae
pugnandō
to/for (x) to be fought,
Acc Sing
pugnandum
pugnandam
pugnandum
(x) to be fought
Abl Sing
pugnandō
pugnandā
pugnandō
by/with(x) to be fought
Voc Sing
pugnande
pugnanda
pugnandum
O (x) to be fought!
Nom Plural:
Gen Plural
Dat Plural
Acc Plural
Abl Plural
Voc Plural
pugnandī
pugnandōrum
pugnandīs
pugnandōs
pugnandīs
pugnandī
pugnandae
pugnandārum
pugnandīs
pugnandās
pugnandīs
pugnandae
pugnanda
pugnandōrum
pugnandīs
pugnanda
pugnandīs
pugnanda
(x) to be fought
of (x) to be fought
to/for (x) to be fought
(x) to be fought
by/with(x) to be fought
O (x) to be fought!
 Translation: (1a) “to be verbed” , or (1b) “ing” if used like the gerund.
TRANSLATE into your composition books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Imperator urbis capiendae causā milites suos promisit.
Ille sapiens librīs legendīs plūra cognoscet.
Ad rem pūblicam servandam Cicerō Catilinam petēbat.
Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus) carminum scrībendōrum.
Mea uxor philosophiae legendae studet.
Cicerō causae loquendae causā in forō stetit. Cupidi erāmus multōrum audiendōrum.
Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es!
Puella miseranda, bene vīxistī et mortua es!
vaccārum vendendārum gratiā agricola ad Forum ēgit.
Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendam. (vītam agere = to live)
Pay attention to :
(1) causā or gratiā with
a preceding genitive =
“for the sake of…”
(2) ad + gerundive in the
accusative = “for the
purpose of…”
(3) The ablative usually
is means.
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nomen
Ch. 51 Worksheet – Gerundives
GERUNDS... ↓↓
Verbal NOUNS
Don’t agree with anything
Only singular
Only neuter
How to distinguish Gerunds from
Gerundives
Ch. 51
Chapter 51
What’s in Ch. 51?
Gerundives – definition
ACTIVE
GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal ADJECTIVES
Agree with a noun in any case
Can be si gular or plural
Can be M, F, or N depending
on the noun it agrees with
PASSIVE

o Gerundives, aka the Future Passive Participle
o Literal meaning of the Future Passive Participle
o Rules for turning Gerund Phrases into Gerundive
Phrases
o Deponent Gerundives
Ch. 51 o P.S. Two Epigrams
o Gerundives are also called “Future Passive
Participles”: “to be verbed”
o Gerundives, therefore, work like –us/-a/-um
adjectives (1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives)
o Agree with a noun
Ch. 51 o Look like gerunds, because they have the “nd”
GERUNDS... ↓↓
Verbal NOUNS
Don’t agree with anything
Only singular
Only neuter
How to distinguish Gerunds from
Gerundives
GERUNDIVES… ↓↓↓
Verbal ADJECTIVES
Agre with a noun
Can be singular or plural
Can be M, F, or N depending
on the noun it agrees with
PASSIVE
Ch. 51 ACTIVE
Gerundives – how to translate them
o (1) mostly literally “to be verbed”: ager arandus =
“the field to be plowed”; epistula mittenda =
“the letter to be sent”
o (2) “verbing” in a gerund clause that has been
converted to a gerundive clause. (see below)
o (3) Gerundive of Obligation: gerundive + form of
the verb esse “to be” (see Chapter 52)
o (4) Gerundives with special verbs showing purpose
Ch. 51
or intent (see Chapter 52)
Masculine S.
Feminine S.
Neuter S.
Gerundives – declension (singular)
Ch. 51
Nom S
Gen S
Dat S
Acc S
Abl S
Voc S
Gerundives – declension (plural)
Nom Pl
Gen Pl
Dat Pl
Acc Pl
Abl Pl
pugnandus
pugnandī
pugnandō
pugnandum
pugnandō
pugnande
Masculine PL
pugnandī
pugnandōrum
pugnandīs
pugnandōs
pugnandīs
pugnanda
pugnandae
pugnandae
pugnandam
pugnandā
pugnanda
Feminine PL
pugnanda
pugnandārum
pugnandīs
pugnandās
pugnandīs
pugnandum
pugnandī
pugnandō
pugnandum
pugnandō
pugnandum
Neuter PL
pugnanda
pugnandōrum
pugnandīs
pugnanda
pugnandīs
Latin 3H – Groooooovvy!
Dr. McGaius
Nomen
Ch. 51 Worksheet – Gerundives
pugnandī
pugnandae
x = noun (singular/plural)
Nom Sing/Pl
(x) to be verbed
Gen Sing/Pl
of (x) to be verbed
Dat Sing/Pl
to/for (x) to be verbed
Acc Sing/Pl
(x) to be verbed
Abl Sing/Pl
WFBI (x) to be verbed
Voc Sing/Pl
O (x) to be verbed!
Ch. 51
Gerundives – most literal translation
only
Voc Pl
Ch. 51
Converting Gerund phrases into
Gerundive phrases
pugnanda
o Whenever the gerund takes an object, the Romans more
often turned it into a “gerundive phrase”
o There is no difference in meaning between a gerund and a
gerundive in this usage.
o When translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase, always
Ch. 51
tranlsate the gerund/gerundive first
RULES for Converting Gerund phrases
into Gerundive phrases
Ch. 51
2 Examples of Gerund/Gerundives
phrases
1.
2.
3.
4.
Figure out what case you need (causā governs the genitive; ad
the accusative; means is ablative)
Put the noun in that case.
Make the gerundive agree with the noun in case, number and
gender.
Remember, when translating a gerund or a gerundive phrase,
always tranlsate the gerund/gerundive first
o Horatius won fame by writing poems. = carmina scrībendō
Horātius fāmam meruit. (gerund) = carminibus scrībendīs
Horātius fāmam meruit. (gerundive)
o The poet is sitting in his study to compose new poems. =
Poēta in tablīnō nova carmina scrībendī causā sedet.
(gerund) = Poēta in tablīnō novōrum carminum
Ch. 51
scrībendōrum causā sedet. (gerundive)
o Deponent verbs have a gerundive
o Deponent gerundive are passive in translation, like
other gerundives:
o Examples: cōnandus/a/um = to be tried
o sequendus/a/um = to be followed
Ch. 51 o miserandus/a/um = to be pitied
Gerundives – an example using the
o Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es! = O boy
vocative
Ch. 51
to be pitied, you lived and died well!
Two Epigrams
o
Gerundives of deponent verbs
Ch. 51/P.S.
*(2) In ch. 52: Passive Periphrastic or the Gerundive of Obligation: the gerundive + a form of
the verb “to be” (sum, esse) to show necessity, obligation or duty. (Remember the dative case
is used to show agency, & not ablative)
 Translation: “ought to be X”, “must be X”, “should be X”, “has/have to be X”, “needs to be X”
Urbs videnda est. The city ought/must/should/has to be seen.
Now add a personal agent (dative) (mihi – “by me”)
Urbs mihi videnda est The city ought/must/should/has to be seen by me. Or: I must see the city.