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Classification of Living Organisms
(Homework and Study Guide)
Answers:
1.
a) Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally
accepted name. Phylogeny shows the evolutionary relationships that exist between organisms.
b) A kingdom is the broadest and least restrictive level of classification. A species is the most specific of
the levels of classification. A species contains only one type of organism.
c) Each subdivision of a kingdom is called a phylum in the animal kingdom. Each subdivision of a
kingdom is called a division in the plant kingdom.
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Aristotle was the first to classify plants and animals. Aristotle classified animals based on where they
lived (air, sea, land). He classified plants according to the type of woody stems they had (herb, shrub, or
tree). This system does not work because all things that live in the water are not related. Aristotle would
place whales, fish, starfish, jellyfish, sharks, etc. all in the same group. Clearly, they are not all related to
one another.
Linnaeus
Linnaeus based his classification on morphology (structures).
binomial nomenclature
Genus and species
Latin
phylogeny
taxonomy
Linnaeus based his system of classification on structural similarities (morphology). Today, scientists
consider morphology in addition to these lines of evidence: cellular organization, evolutionary
relationships, biochemical similarities, genetic similarities, and embryological similarities.
Common names are confusing and very misleading. For example: Consider the common names catfish,
jellyfish, starfish, and shellfish. None of these are actually fish.
A molecular clock is a system that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species
have been evolving independently.
c
b
b
Shared derived characters are characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older
members. It is a characteristic that is unique to a particular group of organisms. Examples might include:
feathers in birds or hair in mammals.
cladistics
19.
Kingdom
20.
Cell Type
Cell Organization
Eubacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
Archaebacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
Protista
eukaryotic
Plantae
eukaryotic
Most: unicellular
Some: colonial and
multicellular
multicellular
Fungi
eukaryotic
Animalia
eukaryotic
Most: multicellular
Some: unicellular
multicellular
Method of Food
Getting
autotrophs and
heterotrophs
autotrophs and
heterotrophs
autotrophs and
heterotrophs
autotrophs
heterotrophs
heterotrophs
Domain Bacteria: Cell walls composed of peptidoglycans
Domain Archaea: Live in extreme environments; No peptidoglycans in the cell wall; Different
membrane structure.
Domain Eukarya: Posses a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound organelles.
21.
a) Fungi
b) Animalia
c) Eubacteria
d) Archaebacteria
e) Protista
f) Fungi
g) Protista
h) Eubacteria
i) Plantae
j) Archaebacteria
k) Animalia
l) Plantae
22.
The Protista kingdom contains organisms that do not fit into any other kingdoms. These organisms are
hard to classify since they may have characteristics of both plants and animals.
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Eubacteria: Cell walls composed of peptidoglycans
Archaebacteria:
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Live in extreme environments; No peptidoglycans in the cell wall; Different
membrane structure.
In fungi, the cell walls are composed of chitin. Plants have a cell wall of cellulose.
The fungi have no chloroplasts and cannot carry on photosynthesis. Fungi are heterotrophs. Plants are
autotrophs.
All are eukaryotic.
Plantae and Animalia
Fungi and Animalia
All four belong to the same phylum.
a) vertebrates
b) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
c) notochord
d) pharyngeal gill slits
e) muscular, postanal tail
f) live on land
g) have lungs
h) they have an outer covering to help reduce water loss
i) more advanced brain.
species
There are more species in an order than in a family. An order contains several families, each of which is
then divided into genera and species.
Loxadonta africana or Loxadonta africana
The elephant and the human
a) have hair
b) give live birth
c) have mammary glands
d) advanced brain
e) prolonged care of the young
species
They must also belong to the same kingdom, phylum and class.
It must be a type of rattlesnake or very closely related to the rattlesnake.
a) vertebral column
b) jaws
c) four walking legs
d) amniotic egg
e) hair
turtle and leopard
The outgroup is the species that has diverged before the others in the cladogram. It is distantly related to
the other organisms in the cladogram and serves as a basis of comparison with the other organisms.
No
Yes
lancelet
salamander, turtle, and leopard