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Chapter 6 – Respiratory System – Study Guide
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Air enters the nose (and mouth) and travels to the pharynx (throat) through the
epiglottis and larynx (voice box) into the trachea (windpipe).
The trachea splits into two tubes bronchial tubes, right and left, which divide into
smaller tubes called bronchioles and end in small air sacs (alveoli).
Terminology –
1. Adenoidectomy –Removal of the adenoids.
2. Alveolar –Pertaining to the air sacs/alveolus.
3. Bronchoscopy –Visual examination of the bronchial tube.
4. Bronchiolitis –Inflammation of the bronchioles.
5. Cyanosis –Bluish discoloration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream.
6. Epiglottis –Inflammation of the epiglottis.
7. Laryngeal –Pertaining to the larynx.
8. Nasal –Pertaining to the nose.
9. Rhinorrhea –Discharge from the nose. Also known as a “runny nose.”
10. Pharyngitis –Inflammation of the pharynx.
11. Phrenic –Pertaining to the diaphragm.
12. Pneumonectomy –Removal of a lung. Segmentectomy – removal of a segment of a
lung, Lobectomy – removal of a lobe of a lung.
13. Pulmonary –Pertaining to the lungs
14. Tonsillitis –Inflammation of the tonsils
15. Tracheostomy –Opening of the trachea to the outside of the body
Pathology –
1. Asphyxia –Extreme decrease in the amount of oxygen in the body with increase of
carbon dioxide leads to loss of consciousness or death.
2. Asthma –Spasm and narrowing of the bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction
3. Atelectasis –Collapsed lung. Atel/o – incomplete, -Ectasis – Dilatation/expansion
4. Emphysema –Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls. Emphysema
is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
5. Hemoptysis –Spitting up of blood
6. Hemothorax –Blood in the pleural cavity.
7. Pneumoconiosis –Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.
8. Pneumonia –Inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of
the inflammatory reaction.
9. Tuberculosis –An infectious disease caused by bacteria (bacilli). The lungs and other
organs are affected. Signs and symptoms include: cough, weight loss, night sweats,
hemoptysis, and pleuritic pain.
Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedure –
1. Bronchoscopy –Visual examination of the bronchial tubes with an endoscope
2. Chest x-ray film –X- ray image of the chest in the Anteroposterior, posteroanterior,
and lateral views.
3. Computed tomography (CT) scan –Cross sectional x-ray images of the chest
4. Laryngoscopy –Visual examination of the larynx via the placement of a flexible tube
(laryngoscope) through the nose or mouth and into the larynx.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) –Magnetic waves and radiofrequency waves
create images of the chest in three planes of the body.
6. Pulmonary angiography –X-ray images are taken of the blood vessels in the lung after
the injection of contrast material into a blood vessel. A blockage, such as a pulmonary
embolism can be located with this procedure.
7. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) –Measurement of the ventilation (breathing
capability) of the lungs. A Spirometer measures the air taken into and breathed out of the
lungs.
8. Pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scans –Procedures that show air flow (ventilation)
and blood supply (perfusion) to the lungs via the distribution of radioactive material in
the lung tissue after the radioactive material is injected IV or inhaled.
9. Sputum test –A patient expels sputum by coughing and sputum is analyzed for bacterial
content.
10. Tuberculin test –Agents are applied to the skin with punctures or injection and the
reaction is noted. Redness and swelling results in people sensitive to the test substance
and indicate previous or current infection with tuberculosis.
Treatment Procedures –
1. Endotracheal intubation –A tube is placed through the nose or mouth into the trachea to
establish an airway during surgery and for placement on a respirator (a machine that
moves air into and out of the lungs.
2. Thoracentesis –A needle is inserted through the skin between the ribs and into the
pleural space to drain a pleural effusion.
3. Thoracotomy –Incision of the chest to remove a lung (pneumonectomy) or a portion of
a lung (lobectomy).
4. Tracheostomy –Creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck and the
insertion of a tube to create an airway.