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CHAPTER 16: THE TRANSFORMATION
OF THE WEST, 1450 – 1750
Pages 362 – 381
I.
SUMMARY
?
A. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce
During the 15th century the Renaissance emphasized new styles and beliefs. This
was followed by even more sweeping cultural and political changes in the 16th
century, with the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, and the political changes
both engendered. During the Commercial Revolution, a new commercial and social
structure grew as well, creating new opportunities and new grievances.
B. Scientific and Politics: The Net Phase of Change
As the impact of the Reformation and commercialization continued, new scientific
discoveries and political forms took shape from 1600 onward. These two forces
shaped a new round of change that continued into the 18th century. The revolution
in science set the seal on the cultural reorientation of the West. After the political
upheavals of the Reformation, a more decisive set of new government forms arose
in the West centering on the emergence of the nation-state. Simultaneously, the
functions of the state expanded.
C. The West by 1750
The three great currents of change – commercialization, cultural reorientation, and
the rise of the nation-state – continued to operate in the West after 1700, along with
the growing international influence of the West. These flowered simultaneously
during the Enlightenment. Each current produced new changes that furthered the
overall transformation of the West. Even as absolutism gave way to enlightened
despotism in states, parliamentary government expanded and a new school of
economics, capitalism, and new forms of commerce arose.
D. Conclusion: Innovation and Instability
By the 18th century, the strands of change – commercial, cultural, and political –
were increasingly intertwined in Western civilization. Stronger governments
promoted agricultural improvements, which helped produce population growth.
Changes in popular beliefs were fed by new economic structures; both encouraged
a reevaluation of the family and the roles of children. New beliefs also raised new
political changes. Enlightenment ideas about liberty and fundamental human
equality could be directed against existing regimes. New family practices might
have political implications as well. These changes would eventually give rise to
several critical political revolutions and the Industrial Revolution.
II.
CHAPTER REVIEW
A. How did the two Reformations change European culture and society?
B. What new economic and commercial structures arose during the period and how
did they fundamentally redefine the European institutions?
C. How did the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution affect intellectual life and
promote changes in popular outlook?
D. What new ideas arose during this period and how did they change European
society?
E. How did European governments, attitudes towards government, and state
structures change during this period?
F. What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and changes in popular
culture and government?
G. What changes occurred in social structures, families, and gender relations?
III.
VOCABULARY
A. Renaissance
B. Humanism
C. European family style
D. Protestant, Catholic Reformations
E. Indulgences
F. Anglican Church
G. Predestination
H. Jesuits
I. Commercial Revolution
J. Proletariat
K. Witchcraft persecution
L. Scientific Revolution
M. Heliocentric universe
N. Deism
O. Absolute monarchy
P. Mercantilism
Q. Parliamentary monarchy
R. Enlightenment
S. Classical Economics
T. Socialists
U. Capitalism
IV.
MAP EXERCISES
A. Map 16.1: Western Europe during the Renaissance and Reformation (Page 369)
1. Using the map on page 717 and 369, what modern nations are:
a. Catholic?
b. Anglican?
c. Lutheran?
d. Calvinist?
e. Eastern Orthodox?
f. Muslim?
2. What European nations are divided by religion?
3. How might two religions in a nation affect its development?
B. Map 16.2: Europe under Absolute Monarchy, 1715 (Page 374)
1. Which modern nations (see map on page 717) already exist in 1715?
2. Which modern nations have not yet emerged?
3. Why would it be different to govern the Holy Roman Empire and Italy?
V.
PHOTO ESSAY: Secularization of Western Society
Using photos on pages 362, 367, 368, 371, 373, 377, and 379, look up and define
secularization and humanism. The era 1450 – 1750 witnessed the increasing
secularization of society and faith in human reason. How do the photos represent
these qualities?
VI.
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS: Controversies About Women (Page 378)
A. Document Analysis
1. Who wrote each? (Attribution includes biographical references)
2. What were the authors’ points of view?
3. How reliable are the documents? Why?
4. What were the intents or purposes behind the documents?
5. Who were the intended audiences?
6. What are the documents’ tones?
B. Comparison
1. How do the two documents agree? Disagree?
2. What might account for these differences?
3. What biases do you detect?
4. How do they affect your understanding or the reliabilities of the authors?
5. What would account for changes in perspectives?
VII.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The major transformation of Western European society began with the
A. invention of the printing press.
B. Renaissance.
C. Protestant and Catholic Reformations.
D. Enlightenment.
E. Glorious Revolution.
2. The Renaissance in Western Europe
A. profoundly challenged absolutist traditions in government.
B. was primarily religious in outlook.
C. began in England and France but spread throughout Europe.
D. challenged medieval values and intellectual constructs.
E. was the last European intellectual movement to influence world cultures.
3. The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by
A. the Roman Catholic Church.
B. Medieval institutions.
C. popular culture and the lifestyles of the masses.
D. scientists and the Scientific Revolution.
E. the urban environment and commercial economy.
4. Renaissance humanism would have been most comfortable with the values and
ideas of which world belief system?
A. Christianity
B. Buddhism
C. Hellenism
D. Confucianism
E. Hinduism
5. The Protestant Reformation in Germany was equally a religious and political
revolution because it challenged all of these authorities EXCEPT the:
A. Papal position as the head of the Christian Church.
B. noble and aristocratic class structure within society.
C. influence of the Emperor as head of the Holy Roman Empire.
D. church’s ownership of land in Germany.
E. influence of Roman and Italy over Germany.
6. The fragmentation of Christianity during the Reformations into Catholic and
Protestant sects most closely resembles the
A. Sunni-Shia divisions within Islam over political leadership of the Muslim
community.
B. Buddha’s founding of Buddhism out of Hindu traditions.
C. expulsion of the Christians from Judaism around 70 CE.
D. transformation of religions from polytheism to monotheism.
E. absorption of Muslim ideas by Hinduism following contacts between the two
religions.
7. In Western Europe following the religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries,
A. the popes reestablished their dominant religious and political positions.
B. Christian unity was restored but the Pope was on longer head of the church.
C. full religious freedoms were granted to practice and to choose one’s faith.
D. the different Christian sects accepted a limited toleration of other groups.
E. Europe abandoned religions totally because of its divisiveness in society.
8. Changes during the Reformation influenced all of these developments EXCEPT:
A. the political balance of power shifted.
B. abolishment of classes and social hierarchies.
C. the rise of the modern European family and marriage.
D. increased literacy.
E. the increasing secularization of West European society.
9. The cause of the massive inflation in 16th century Europe was the
A. Renaissance monarchs’ increased demand for art.
B. Reformation challenged faith in the economy.
C. large imports of gold and silver from overseas colonies.
D. religious wars, which destroyed the economic structures.
E. trade between Europe and the Muslim world.
10. The growing commercialization of Western Europe’s economy and the Price
Revolution most negatively impacted the
A. rulers and bureaucracy.
B. aristocracy and the ruling elite.
C. churches and religious establishments.
D. merchants.
E. peasants, serfs, and the working poor.
11. The chief challenge in West Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries CE to the
predominance and the traditional role of religion and theology as the primary
influence on formal intellectual life was
A. the ruler and his or her ideas about the arts and learning.
B. the merchant and the profit motive.
C. Military necessity.
D. the scientist and scientific experimentation.
E. the increasing paganism and atheism of the common people.
12. The 17th century Scientific Revolution in West Europe built heavily on
A. the work of Muslim scientists.
B. Hindu mathematics.
C. Chinese mystical Daoism.
D. Greek rational philosophies and classical scientists such as Aristotle.
E. Christian theology.
13. In early modern Europe, in order to secure their predominant political positions
within their states, West European rulers had to
A. limit the rights of nobles and privileges of their institutions.
B. replace the Christian clergy.
C. restrict the power and influence of the military.
D. limit the rights of their ethnic and religious minorities.
E. discourage economic profits and entrepreneurial incentives.
14. West European monarchs employed all of these methods or groups to win
“absolute” control of their states EXCEPT:
A. increasing royal revenues through new taxes and supporting mercantilism.
B. allowing representative assemblies to make and to pass laws.
C. limiting the rights of medieval parliaments and diets.
D. creating a professional army.
E. recruiting trained bureaucrats from the middle (urban) classes.
15. Mercantilism differs from capitalism because mercantilism
A. discourages colonies and overseas adventures.
B. encourages skilled workers to demand better pay and benefits.
C. does not encourage state or government intervention in the economy.
D. allows imports and exports without tariffs and barriers.
E. promotes the wealth of a national economy at the expense of free trade.
16. A nation-state differs from an empire or many medieval states because it
A. grants rulers absolute rights to govern.
B. rules a state with one dominant people, government, language, and culture.
C. limits the power of monarchs and rulers.
D. has many large and different ethnic groups under a common government.
E. is democratic and representative of the people’s wishes.
17. The major difference between the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution was
that Enlightenment philosophes
A. encouraged religion and the piety of the people.
B. had the support of rulers.
C. applied scientific methods to benefit society at large.
D. did not challenge traditional ideas, constructs, or ruling institutions.
E. looked to the common people for support or encouragement.
VIII. ESSAY QUESTIONS
A. Compare and contrast the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution with one of
these: (1) 12th century Islamic Achievements; (2) Italian Renaissance; (3) 5th
century BCE Greek intellectual accomplishments; and (4) 11th century CE Song
Chinese achievements.
B. How did European government change from Charlemagne through the 18th
century CE?
C. Compare and contrast European absolutism with governmental policies under
one of these states: (1) Tsarist Russia; (2) Ottoman Empire; (3) Mughal India; (4)
Safavid Persia; or (5) Ming China.
D. Compare and contrast the Reformation with religious schisms in Islam or
Buddhism.
E. Compare and contrast absolutism in France or Spain with Dutch and English
representative government.
F. Compare and contrast the Protestant belief system with any other world belief
system.
G. Compare and contrast mercantilism and capitalism.
H. Compare and contrast the nation-state with any post-classical state.