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Name: ___________________ CH. 13 – The Rise of Totalitarianism 1919-1939 SECTION 1 – Postwar Social Changes 1. During the 1920’s new ______________ helped create a mass culture shared by millions. 2. American musicians combined Western ________________ with African ____________ to create a new form of music: ____________. 3. Rebellious young people rejected the old moral ________ and ________. Liberated young women during this Age were known as _______________. 4. Women working during the war helped them to win the ________ despite being made to give up the __________ they held during the war. 5. _________-__________ devices made chores easier at home and saved time. This allowed women to find ________ outside the home. 6. Not everyone supported this new Jazz Age. Many Americans supported _____________ which would ban the manufacture or sale of ______________. 7. Many postwar writers felt that the War symbolized the moral _____________ of _____________ Civilization. Many of the American authors like Fitzgerald and _______________ left the US and moved to ___________. Gertrude Stein referred to them as the “___________ _________________”. 8. In the 1920’s African Americans experienced a cultural awakening known as the _____________ ___________________. 9. Scientists such as __________ ____________ studied radioactivity. ______________ introduced his theories of __________________, saying that measurements of _________ and _______________ are not absolute. 10. In 1934, scientists such as the Italian ____________ __________ discovered atomic ___________ which would eventually lead to an atomic bomb. 11. New art styles emerged including ______________, where three-dimensional objects were represented as complex patterns. Another style, ____________, was composed only of lines, colors and shapes. 12. ________________ was an art movement inspired by both Cubism and Dada. It rejected ___________ thought which had led to __________ in favor of _____________ ideas. SECTION 2 – The Western Democracies Stumble 1. In Britain the ____________ Party began to grow by promoting a gradual move towards _________________. Gaining support from the middle class, the _________________ Party controlled parliament for much of the 1920’s. 2. A massive ___________ of over _____ million workers in 1926 led to the government passing laws that ________________ the power of workers. 3. In 1916 a group of Irish nationals started a revolt against __________ rule known as the ____________ ___________. By 1922 Ireland became a self-governing state known as __________________________________. However members of the _______________ fought against the division for decades. 4. Growing concerns about communism led to the _______ ________ in the US. This led to increased demands to limit ____________________ to the US. 5. To prevent a third German invasion ____________ built a massive fortification system called the ____________ ____________. France enforced the Treaty of ________________ closely hoping to keep ________________ weak. 6. Three major hopes for peace took place in the 1920’s. It included the _________________ _______________ which set Germany’s boundaries, the ________________- _____________ Pact which renounced __________ and led to the idea of ______________, the reduction of armed forces and weapons, and the newly formed ___________ of _______________. 7. These new hopes had a major flaw however, they lacked any way to _____________ their laws/actions. 8. Britain struggled to recover from WWI and in 1926 a ___________ __________ lasted nine days. France was quicker to get back on its feet. The US in contrast was doing well. American ________ and _______________ helped recovery in Europe. 9. By the end of the 1920’s the United States faced bad combination of falling _____________ and _____________________. Farmers and miners earned less and then __________ less. High tech factories turned out more goods than could be bought, a condition called _____________________. Factories then cut back on production leading to workers losing their ____________. 10. A crisis in ___________ was taking place at the same time. Prices on the ____________________________ were at an all time high and many people invested using _____________ methods. In October of _________ many investors ________ their stocks all at once. This panic wiped out the investments of many people and led to the ______________ ____________________. 11. These problems quickly spread through out the world. Without support of the US, ___________ could not make its payments to the Allies. _____________ and ___________ were then unable to pay back war debts. 12. Britain tried to provide some government help but by 1931 one in _____ people were unemployed. 13. France withstood the problems longer, but still felt the impact. ________ __________ became leader of France and his Popular __________ party tried to solve problems. 14. In 1932 the US elected President ________________ who argued that the ________________ needed to take an active role in the economy. He introduced his ____ ________ to solve the economic problem. SECTION 3 – Fascism in Italy 1. Italians were frustrated after WWI when ________-______________ territory they were promised was given to ___________________ instead. Combined with other turmoil, a leader by the name of ________________ ________________ stepped forward. 2. Mussolini rejected the ____________________ of his father in favor of intense _____________________. He organized veterans and others into his new ____________ Party. 3. He promised to end ________________, and bring about order. He wanted to revive _______________ greatness and used his _____________ ____________ as “combat squads” to intimidate socialists and other parties. 4. After being named prime minister by _________ ____________, Mussolini also received support from Pope ______________. 5. In order to end conflicts between owners and workers, Mussolini brought the economy under ____________ control. This new _______________ ___________ representatives of _________________, labor, _________________ and the Fascist Party controlled industry, agriculture and ________________. 6. In this new Italy, loyalty to the __________ replaced individual goals. The Fascist slogan, “________________, ___________, _____________” was everywhere. Women were pushed out of jobs and encouraged to produce ________________. 7. Young Fascists were taught to obey strict _______________ discipline. They marched and sang ________________ hymns, and chanted: “___________________________________________________________”. 8. This new Fascism was one of the world’s first ____________________ States, where a oneparty ______________________ controls all aspects of people’s lives. 9. Fascism varied from country to country, but some aspects were the same: extreme __________________, glorification of action, ________________, discipline and blind ____________ to the state (and in particular the leader!). 10. Fascism appealed to people because it promised a strong, __________ government. It gave a sense of ___________ and confidence and revived ____________ ___________. 11. Fascists hated _____________ and ___________________. Fascists believed in clear social __________________ while communism promoted a ___________________ society. 12. Despite this hatred, the two ideologies had much in common. They inspired blind ___________ to the state or leader, they used ______________ to guard their power and were popular during _______________ hard times. Name: ___________________ CH. 13B – Stalin and Hitler SECTION 4 – The Soviet Union Under Stalin 1. Starting in 1928 Stalin proposed a series of ______-_________ Plans. These aimed to improve __________________, increase _________ ___________ and build ______________ _________________. 2. By bringing all __________________ activity under government control the Soviet Union developed a _________________ ________________ where government officials make _____________ _____________ decisions instead of the ________ market. 3. The ____________-_____________ Plans set high goals for workers and _______________. As a result industry saw a huge growth. Despite that problems remained. Central ______________ was often _______________, creating shortages in some areas and _______________ in others. Concerned with meeting _______________, managers turned out large quantities of _______-____________ goods. 4. Stalin wanted to bring all peasants into state owned farms known as ___________________. They would have to turn over all land, __________ ______________ and implements to be controlled by the state. Some refused. 5. In response, Stalin sent ___________ (wealthy farmers) to labor camps where thousands died from _________________ or were killed outright. Peasants protested by growing just enough food to feed themselves. Stalin responded by taking that grain to meet ____________ goals. Combined with a poor _____________ this led to a _____________ that left between _____ and ______ million dead in the Ukraine alone. 6. Stalin used secret ____________ to keep people under surveillance. Protestor and critics were rounded up and sent to the _____________ labor camps. 7. Stalin was paranoid that rivals were ______________________ against him. In 1934 he launched the ___________ _________________. He rounded up many different types of people including Old ________________, army ________________, managers, _____________ and ordinary ___________________. This left Stalin in total control. 8. The Purge left the country with a severe lack of experts in ________________, _______________ and _______________________. In addition about ____________ of the Soviet Union’s military _________ were victims. 9. Stalin used _________________ as a tool to build a _____________________________ around himself, to make him seem a godlike figure. 10. Soviet art under Stalin, known as _____________ _____________, was meant to show Soviet life in a ______________ light and promote hope in the future. 11. Artists, writers and ________________ faced government persecution if they failed to ______________ to expectations. 12. Under Soviet Communism, _________________ became the official state policy. This meant that groups such as the Russian Orthodox, Catholics, ______________ and Muslims found themselves targets of persecution. 13. Despite promises to make a classless society, a new __________ class emerged. At its head were members of the _____________ _____________, managers, military leaders and ________________. They enjoyed special benefits not available to others. 14. Soviet foreign policy had two conflicting goals. On one hand they formed the __________ to encourage world-wide Communist revolution, and on the other they wanted to guarantee their country’s __________________ by winning support of others. SECTION 5 – Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany 1. After WWI, Germany set up a ______________________ government known as the ____________________ Republic. It was a _______________________ system led by a ______________________. In it, _________________ could vote. 2. Germans of all classes blamed the government for the ______________________________. 3. After falling behind in ___________________ payments, France took possession of the coalrich _____________ _______________. When German workers protested the Weimar government supported them by ______________________________________. This led to massive inflation. 4. Hopes for a solution came in the form of the __________ Plan which reduced _______________ payments and American _____________ would help Germany recover. 5. Adolf Hitler was born in _______________ in 1889. At 18 he ran away from home and went to ________________. While living on the streets there he developed his fanatical ______________________ that later helped bring him to power. 6. In 1923 he failed to overthrow the government and was jailed. While there he wrote __________ ____________ in which he outlined his extreme beliefs. He blamed Germany’s current problems on Marxists, ______________, corrupt politicians and ________________________. 7. To fix these problems he said that Germany needed to __________ into a great nation and expand, an idea he called _________________________ or “living space”. This would mean taking land from those who did not deserve it. 8. After less than a year in prison he was ____________________. The _________ _______________ played into his hands and membership in the __________ Party grew to about a million people. 9. Fearing the communists, the __________________ turned to Hitler, despite the fact they hated him. Despite not being elected to office (he’s not German), he was appointed to the position of __________________________. 10. Within a year, he was ____________________ of Germany. Like ____________, he set up a one-party state and purged his party of those who were deemed __________________. 11. Borrowing tactics from _______________________ in Italy, Hitler appealed to ____________________ and boasted that his Third ______________ would dominate Europe for a 1,000 years. 12. To rebuild Germany he launched ___________ works programs that built _______________, housing, forests and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, ______________ the German military. 13. He used a secret police known as the ___________________ to help enforce his brutal system of _____________________ rule. In addition his black uniformed troops, the _____, carried out his will. 14. In an attempt to drive _____________ out of Germany, the Nazis passed the __________________ Laws in 1935 which took their citizenship and placed severe __________________ on them. 15. In November of 1938 German mobs carried out two nights of attacks on __________ known as ___________________________ or the “Night of Broken Glass” 16. To build for the future young people were indoctrinated in Nazi ________________ (beliefs). School and youth programs were changed to help prepare for ________. He also changed culture by controlling art and ___________ that he felt wasn’t German enough. Additionally, ____________________ sects were combined into one state run organization and ___________________ schools were closed.