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Dictators Threaten World Peace Ch 16-1 Failures of WWI Peace Settlement • The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for starting WWI. • Germany was stripped of their overseas colonies and territories. • The Soviet Union resented parts of their land being taken away. Joseph Stalin • After Lenin Died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union. • As in many communist countries, the government took all privately owned lands and replaced them with large government owned farms. • All economic activity was placed under state management. • By 1937, the Soviet Union was the second largest industrial power, surpassed only by the U.S. Totalitarian • Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power. • It is estimated that Stalin is responsible for the deaths of 8 million to 13 million people. • Totalitarian- a government that has complete control of its citizens. • In Stalin’s totalitarian government, individuals has no rights, and the government does away with all opposition. Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini-established a totalitarian regime in Italy. • Mussolini established the Fascist Party, which places the interest of the state above those of individuals. • Just as Stalin had done, Mussolini crushed his opposition and made Italy a totalitarian state. Nazis Take Over Germany • After WWI, Adolf Hitler joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi). • Hitler wrote a book titled Mein Kampf (my Struggle), where he outlined the beliefs of Nazism. • He believed in uniting all German speaking people. • Hitler also wanted to enforce racial purification. • In his views Germans (especially blue-eyed, blonde hair “Aryans”) formed a master race. All other races were fit to serve the Aryans. • Many men that were out of work joined Hitler's private army , the storm troopers or brown shirts. • Once Hitler became prime minister he established the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. Japan…Germany…Italy • Japanese militarists launched a surprise attack on Manchuria in 1933, which is located in China. • The League of Nations, which was established after WWI to prevent nations attacking each other, condemned Japan for its attack. • Japan just quit the League of Nations. Germany followed, and began to rebuild their military. • Mussolini invaded and took over Ethiopia. • The League of Nations did very little to stop all of this. Spain • Spanish Civil War began and Hitler and Mussolini backed General Francisco Franco’s rebellion. • The civil war allowed Germany and Italy to become allies. • After Franco’s victory in Spain, there was another totalitarian government in Europe. • (Spain, Germany, Italy, Soviet Union) Neutrality Acts • In an effort to keep the U.S. out of future wars, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. • The first three acts outlawed the sale of weapons to countries at war, including civil wars.