Download Chapters 11-12

1
Ch.’s 16-22
I.
II.
3. Testing the New Nation 1820-1877
The South and the Slavery Controversy.
A.
During the 1800’s the North and South grew distinctively different
1.
North
a.
Used cheap immigrant labor
b.
Opposed slavery because slaves were competition
c.
Heavy opposition to slavery in the mountains
d.
Very racist
2.
South
a.
Produced 10% of manufactured goods
b.
Fewer immigrants
c.
Most white southerners were non-slave owning subsistence farmers
d.
Planter Aristocracy dominated society and politics in the South
e.
Most slaves were located in ‘black belt” (GA, AL, MS, LO)
B.
Abolition (to abolish slavery)
1.
The Abolitionists
a.
William Lloyd Garrison-the “Liberator” (1831)
b.
Frederick Douglas- the “North Star”
c.
The Grimke Sisters
1.
Sarah and Angelina were abolitionists and women’s rights activists
a.
Grew up on southern plantation
d.
David Walker- the “Appeal of the Colored Man” –called for slave rebellion
e.
Harriet Tubman-Underground Railroad
2.
Pro-Slave argument
a.
Economic necessity
b.
Labor in factories
c.
Civilizing
d.
Christianizing
e.
Fear of rebellions
3.
Antebellum slavery
a.
Social order in south
1.
Planter aristocracy-3% owned multiple slaves
2.
Merchant middle class
3.
Small farmers-75% owned no slaves
4.
Poor whites
5.
Slaves
4.
Slave Rebellions
a.
Nat Turner (1831)-ex preacher, w/ 80 followers, attacked & killed 60 whites
b.
Gabriel Prosser (1800)-Richmond, Virginia
c.
Denmark Vesey (1822)-Charleston, South Carolina
D.
Famous debate in Congress in 1830 over protective tariffs
1.
Robert Y. Hayne (against) v. Daniel Webster (for)
a.
Webster- Seventh of March Speech "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one
and inseparable!".
1.
This speech led to a shift toward Compromise in the North (by calling
for a more stringent Fugitive Slave law)-opposed by “Young Guard”
(northern abolitionists)
Manifest Destiny and its Legacy
A.
John Tyler’s Administration (1841-1844) “His Accidency” Finished William H. Harrison’s term
1.
Domestic Policy
a.
Vetoed Whig legislation & established a New National Bank & a tariff
b.
Expelled from Whig Party
c.
All but one in his cabinet resigned
d.
Impeachment is attempted
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e.
III.
Manifest Destiny (1820-1860)
1.
In the 1840s and 1850s, many Americans felt that God had destined the
American people to spread their democratic institutions over the entire
continent and over South America as well.
a.
Democrats strongly supported the idea of Manifest Destiny.
b.
Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious and illinformed
1.
Santa Fe Trail -780 miles from Independence,
Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
2.
Oregon Trail - Independence, Missouri to Portland,
Oregon (Conestoga) (Lewis & Clark)
3.
National/Cumberland Road (1819)-from
Cumberland, Maryland to West Virginia
4.
Mormon Trail-led by Joseph Smith then Brigham
Young
f.
Gold Rush-1849 (Resulting conflict over westward migration)
2.
Foreign Policy
a.
President Tyler signed a resolution (1845) Texas to became the 28th state
b.
Webster-Ashburton treaty-finalized Maine boundary with Canada (Britain)
B.
James K. Polk’s Administration (1844-1848)
1.
Domestic Policy
a.
Expansion desires led to Polk’s election
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Oregon territory
a.
“Fifty Four Forty or Fight”
b.
Settled in 1846 (extension of 49th parallel)
2.
John Slidell-sent to Mexico to buy California for $20 million
a.
Not received by Mexican Government
3.
Texas is admitted in 1845
b.
Foreign Policy
1.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
a.
Cause
1.
Polk sent Zachary Taylor across the Nueces River
a.
Disputed territory w/ Mexico
2.
American troops are killed by Mexican troops
3.
US wanted payment for damages from Texan War
4.
Polk’s desire to gain California
b.
Opposition to war
1.
Lincoln’s “Spot” Resolution- Where did battle occur?
2.
Henry David Thoreau
a.
Opposes war tax-jailed (civil disobedience)
c.
Battles
1.
Buena Vista- General Taylor defeated larger army
2.
Mexico City-General Winfield Scott conquers capital
3.
General Stephen Kearny-“Long Marcher”
4.
John C. Fremont takes California the “Bear Flag
Republic”
2.
Wilmot Proviso –Proposed the outlaw of slavery in new territories
Renewing the Sectional Struggle
A.
Zachary Taylor’s Administration (1848-1850)
1.
Domestic policy
a.
Slavery issue
1.
Wanted states to bypass the territorial stage after ratifying constitutions
2.
Believed issue should be left to the states to determine, not Congress
3.
Would use force
4.
Whigs and Democrats attempted to stay out of debate
5.
Free Soil Party-opposed slavery because of competition for white jobs
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b.
c.
IV.
Gold Rush (1848)
Underground Railroad (1850-1860)
1.
Harriet Tubman made 19 trips to South (conductor) freed 300 slaves
2.
Foreign Policy
a.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1.
GB and US agreed not to claim control of any canal built in Nicaragua.
B.
Millard Fillmore (1850-1852)
1.
Domestic Policies
a.
Compromise of 1850
1.
Henry Clay writes it, Stephen Douglas (“Little Giant”) gets it passed
a.
Popular sovereignty- New Mexico and Utah
b.
California-Free State
c.
Texas paid $10 Million for claims on New Mexico
d.
Abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC
e.
Fugitive Slave Act
1.
Northern states pass Personal Liberty Laws
2.
Foreign Policy
a.
Sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western trade.
C.
Franklin Pierce (1852-1856)
1.
Domestic policies
a.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)-written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
1.
Showed northern citizens the evils of slavery
a.
Biggest horror: enforced separation of families
b.
An alliance with England or France was doomed
b.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
1.
Stephen Douglas proposed the act
a.
“Popular sovereignty” would determine slave issue
c.
“Bleeding Kansas”
1.
“Sack of Lawrence, Kansas” (1854)
a.
Civil War caused by pro-slavery raiders from Missouri
d.
Senator Charles Sumner is brutally attacked by Congressman Preston Brooks
1.
Resulted from his “Crime against Kansas”
2.
Foreign Policies
a.
Ostend Manifesto(1854)
1.
Southern legislator’s try to annex Cuba for the expansion of slavery
b.
Gadsden Purchase (1854)
1.
New Mexico and Arizona were proposed for a transcontinental railroad
Drifting Toward Disunion
A.
James Buchanan (1856-1860)
1.
Domestic Policies
1.
LeCompton Constitution (1857)-Proslavery Constitution in Kansas and
supported by Buchanan
2.
Dred Scott Court case (1857)
a.
Roger B. Taney-Chief Justice; Upheld slavery
1.
“Congress never had the power to outlaw slavery.”
3.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858-Illinois Senate seat) Result: Douglas won.
a.
Lincoln-slavery would not be repealed w/out legislation
1.
Because of Dred Scott, popular sovereignty was not possible
2.
"A house divided against itself cannot stand.”
b.
Douglas-believed in popular sovereignty (Freeport Doctrine)
1.
Slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal to
pass laws favorable to slavery
4.
John Brown’s Raid (1859): Abolitionist John Brown attacks Harper’s Ferry
5.
Whig Party splits over the slavery issue
a.
Merges with the Free-Soil Party to form the Republican Party
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b.
V.
Republican party nominated William Seward in 1856 on an anti-slavery
platform
B.
Abraham Lincoln (1860-1865) (R) defeated Stephen Douglas (D) final straw for the south
1.
Domestic Policies
a.
Lincoln declares that war is fought to preserve Union, not free the slaves
b.
Lincoln called for Fort Sumter to receive provisions-no reinforcements
1.
South Carolina secedes (December, 1860)
2.
Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and New Jersey
3.
“Butternut” Region- southern Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio (Southern
sympathizers)
4.
Five Civilized Tribes (Oklahoma) supported the Confederacy
c.
Lincoln uses emergency powers
1.
Suspended Habeas Corpus-jails 13,000 Copperheads
a.
Government did not have to present accused w/ charges
(Suspension of parts of Constitution to save the Union)
b.
Declared martial law in Border States
d.
Draft laws-very unpopular in North and South
1.
Rioting occurred in North and anger built in the South because:
a.
North-immigrants were paid to replace the drafted wealthy
b.
South-Plantation owners were exempt from military service
e.
Homestead Act (1862)-free land in west
f.
The Trent Affair-Southern diplomats removed from a British ship by union
g.
the 1st National Banking system since 1836 was started.
Girding for War: The North and the South
A.
Strategies
1.
Northern Strategy-Anaconda Plan (Winfield Scott)
a.
Blockade-leaky to begin with, eventually successful
b.
Control Mississippi River
c.
Capture Richmond-Lincoln believed war could be over in 90 days
2.
Southern strategy was to defend and prolong war
a.
Fight the north to a draw- England and France would enter war on their behalf
B.
Advantages
1.
Northern (Union)
a.
Population-continuing immigrant manpower from Europe
b.
Industrial output
c.
Transportation-Railroads
d.
Wealth
e.
King Wheat and King Corn
f.
Navy
g.
Lincoln-delegated authority; decisive
2.
Southern (Confederate)
a.
defend; did not have to invade
b.
Emotions
c.
Better trained & experienced officers (early in war)
d.
Agricultural exports: cotton for textiles (Egypt and India)
e.
Robert E. Lee
C.
Organization
1.
Northern (Union)
a.
Army of the Potomac (east), Army of the Cumberland (west)
b.
Blue uniforms (mostly)
c.
“Yankees”, “Blue Bellies”
2.
Southern (Confederate)
a.
Army of the Shenandoah (east), Army of Tennessee (west)
b.
Grey uniforms (mostly)
c.
“Rebels”, “Johnny Reb”
D.
Women and the War
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Women’s roles- entered industrial roles for 1st time and helped with nursing
a.
Clara Barton-Red Cross
b.
Dorothea Dix-nursing
c.
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell-US Sanitary Commission
d.
Sally Tompkins-Confederate nursing
e.
many served as spies
E.
Military Technology
1.
Ironclad
a.
Merrimac v. Monitor
2.
Spencer Rifles-14 rounds a minute fired vs. 3; and breech loaded
3.
Blockade Runners (commerce raider)
a.
C.S.S. Alabama-Britain allowed southern ships to be built in British naval yards
(very un neutral)
b.
Very effective against the Union blockade
4.
Submarines
a.
C.S.S. Hunley
The Furnace of the Civil War (1861-1865)
A.
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
1.
Start of war- “1st shot fired in anger”
2.
Southerners opened fire when it was leaned Lincoln was re-supplying the fort
B.
Bull Run (July 1861)
1.
Stonewall Jackson
2.
Southern victory-effect: South becomes to overconfident; North realized the war would
not be easy and buckled down
3.
Fought near Washington, DC
C.
Fort Henry and Fort Donnellson (February 1862)
1.
Ulysses S. Grant attempts to control Mississippi River
D.
Peninsula Campaign (March 1862)
1.
McClellan attacks Richmond (Confederate Capital) with the Army of the Potomac
2.
Too cautious-always believed enemy outnumbered him
3.
Southern victory
E.
Shiloh (March 1862)
1.
25, 000 casualties
2.
Grant makes a “name” for himself
3.
Lincoln-“this man will fight!”
4.
Union victory
F.
2nd Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)
1.
Southern victory
G.
Antietam (Sharpsburg), Maryland (September 1862)-fought on Union soil
1.
Bloodiest single day of battle (8,000)
2.
Union “victory”-McClellan is removed from command because he did not “press on” in
victory
3.
Union victory because Union accidentally came upon lee’s battle plans
4.
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
a.
gave the Union a cause to fight for (gave union a moral cause to fight and
diplomatic position)
b.
prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy
c.
frees slaves in rebelling states NOT border states
d.
blacks are finally allowed to enlist in the Union army
1.
Union Army
a.
180,000 served w/ Union forces w/white officers
b.
Ft. Pillow-massacre
c.
54th Massachusetts-all black regiment in the Union Army
2.
Confederate Army
a.
Slaves served in Confederate army in work details
b.
Lincoln apologizes and release the diplomats
1.
VI.
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H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Fredericksburg (December 1862)
1.
Southern victory
Chancellorsville (May 1863)
1.
“Stonewall” Jackson is killed-Lee “loses his right arm”
2.
Southern victory
Vicksburg (May 1863)
1.
Grant takes last major Confederate fort on Mississippi River
2.
3-month siege that reopened the Mississippi river to northern trade, ensured foreigners
would stay out of conflict, quelled the Northern peace movement and cut off cattle trade
with Texas
3.
Union victory-it helped northern morale, quelling much of the dissention that was
growing in the north
Gettysburg (July 1863)-fought on Union soil
1.
Lee attempts to invade North (Pennsylvania)-hoped to strengthen the northern peace
movement
2.
28, 000 dead or wounded
3.
Bloodiest battle
4.
Union victory
a.
Gettysburg Address
1.
Lincoln’s speech, “do not forget…”
Battle of Mobile Bay
1.
Admiral Farragut
a.
“Darn the torpedoes…”
b.
completed blockade
c.
Union victory
Battle of Atlanta (September 1864)
1.
William Tecumseh Sherman
a.
“Total war”-war against civilians
b.
“March to the Sea” -Chattanooga to Savannah
Election of 1864
1.
Lincoln-Union Party (Republicans and Pro-War Democrats) v. McClellan-Copperheads
(anti-war or Northern Peace Democrats)
2.
Lincoln wins re-election
a.
sealed with victories at Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley
b.
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address:
1.
Calls for reconciliation and preservation of the union
2.
"With malice toward none, with charity for all."
Appomattox Court House
1.
Robert E. Lee surrenders (April 9, 1865)
Roles of:
1.
Ulysses S. Grant
a.
Head of Army of the Potomac
b.
Strategy-war of attrition
2.
Robert E. Lee
a.
Head of Army of Northern Virginia
3.
“Stonewall” Jackson
a.
Died at Chancellorsville
b.
Made famous at Bull Run
4.
William Tecumseh Sherman
a.
“Sherman’s March to the Sea”
b.
Battle of Atlanta-crucial to Lincoln’s 1864 election
5.
Jefferson Davis
a.
President of the Confederacy
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IX.
The Ordeal of Reconstruction (1865-1877)
A.
Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln)
1.
10% Plan (lenient)
a.
states could re-enter Union when 10% of its’ population swore an oath of
allegiance
b.
The right to vote would be denied to Confederate leaders and wealthy planters
2.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864) proposed by radicals in Congress
a.
called for 50% to swear an oath of allegiance
b.
pocket vetoed by Lincoln-too harsh
3.
Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865)
a.
Effort to redistribute land, education and basic supplies for ex-slaves
b.
Morehouse College (Augusta Institute) Founded as a seminary for black men in
1867 in Atlanta
4.
Lincoln assassinated: April 14, 1865
B.
Vice-President Andrew Johnson becomes president (War Democrat)-champion of poor whites
1.
Wanted to follow Lincoln’s lenient policy
2.
13th Amendment-freed slaves (1865)
C.
Radical Reconstruction
1.
Radical Republicans are elected to Congress in 1866
a.
Thaddeus Stephens & Charles Sumner wanted south to “pay” for war
b.
viewed the South as “conquered provinces”
2.
Freedmen’s Bureau-passed over Johnson’s veto
a.
assisted former slaves with education, clothing, food, and shelter
b.
greatest success was in the field of Education
c.
opposed by President Andrew Johnson and vetoed
3.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
a.
Passed over a presidential veto, all persons born in the United States to be
citizens
4.
14th Amendment (Citizenship) (1868) it’s passage became a requisite for re-entry
(Tennessee-1st)
a.
feminists were disappointed because it did not give women the right to vote
b.
Overturned the Dred Scott case
5.
Military Reconstruction Act (1867) (4 passed)
a.
divided former Confederacy into five military districts
b.
placed Union generals in charge of districts
c.
new state constitutions including passage of 14th amendment and black suffrage
demanded
6.
Radicals in congress over-rode two presidential vetoes
7.
15th Amendment: Right to vote (1870)
8.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
a.
"The full and equal enjoyment" of accommodations of inns, & public
transportation
D.
Andrew Johnson impeached
1.
Broke Tenure of Office Act-attempted to remove Secretary of War Stanton
2.
Johnson becomes a lame-duck president and has no further impact on Reconstruction
E.
Southern response
1.
Literacy Tests
2.
Poll taxes (Grandfather Clause)
3.
Black Codes
a.
regulated black Americans lives after Civil War, ensuring a secure labor force
b.
originated from slave codes used in South before the war
4.
Formation of the KKK
a.
Formed by Confederate veterans to oppose reconstruction
b.
Enforced black codes-beatings, scare tactics, murder, mutilation, etc.
c.
“keep blacks in their place”, prevent blacks from voting, keep white
carpetbaggers from voting, end radical reconstruction.
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F.
G.
H.
I.
African American successes during Reconstruction
1.
Hiram Revels & Blanche K. Bruce
a.
1st two African American Senators
2.
Exodusters-blacks who traveled to test their freedoms, find family members and seek
economic freedom
Politics in the South after the war
1.
Carpetbaggers
a.
former union soldiers, businessmen, or professionals who moved south to take
advantage
2.
Scalawags
a.
southerners who took advantage of fellow southerners
Economics
1.
Sharecropping & Tenant Farming
Reconstruction ends with the election of Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876
1.
Election disputed-Republicans agree to remove troops from the South
2.
Home Rule
a.
Southern “Redeemers” call for self rule of southern states w/out northern
interference
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