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World War II and . . . . Cold War Vocabulary List Causes of World War II -Allies - in World War II, it consisted of Great Turning Points of the War -Dwight D. Eisenhower - The leader of all the Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations -Axis Powers – in World War II it consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan -Adolf Hitler – German leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) party from 1933 to 1945; rose to power by promoting racist and nationalist views -Benito Mussolini – Italian fascist leader who took power in the 1920s; called Il Duce (“the leader”); known for his brutal policies -Emperor Hirohito - political leader of Japan during World War II -Winston Churchill - leader of Great Britain before and during World War II; a powerful speechmaker who rallied Allied morale during the war -Joseph Stalin - leader of the Soviet Union from 1924-1953; worked with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II but afterward became an aggressive participant in the Cold War -Fascism - a political philosophy that advocates a strong, nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator -Third Reich – a reference to Nazi Germany under the leadership of Hitler from 1933-1945 -Kellogg-Briand Pact - agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another -Non-Aggression Pact - an agreement in which two nations promise not to go to war with each other; an example is Germany and Russia at the beginning of World War II -Munich Pact – the conceding of the Sudetenland by Great Britain, France, and Italy to appease Germany -Neutrality Acts - a series of laws enacted in 1935 and 1936 to prevent U.S. arms sales and loans to nations at war -Quarantine Speech - given by FDR in 1937 calling for an international quarantine of the aggressor nations (applying economic pressure to Italy and Japan) as an alternative to American neutrality and isolationism -Lend-Lease Act - a law, passed in 1941, that allowed the U.S to ship arms and other supplies, without immediate payment, to nations fighting the Axis Powers -Four Freedoms – FDR’s State of the Union Address to Congress on January 6, 1941 arguing for the fundamental freedoms that humans “everywhere in the world” ought to enjoy (freedoms of speech and expression, worship, economic security, and from fear) Allied forces during World War II; he directed the invasion of Normandy, France (D-Day); later became President -Douglas MacArthur - U.S. general during the Great Depression, World War II, and the Korean War; he was forced to resign by Truman in 1951 -George Patton – U.S. general in command of Allied troops in Northern Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of Operations, (to include Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge) -Chester Nimitz - leader of American naval forces in World War II at the Battle of Midway, during which several Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed -Newsreels - in the pre-television era people saw the news in a series of short clips at their neighborhood movie theaters -Pamphlets - publications meant to assist in the mobilization effort of the U.S. during World War II; they were meant to educate Americans in the war effort -War Posters - helped mobilize the nation for World War II; they called for sacrifice and participation, for people to contribute time and money and to conserve resources -Airdrops - a type of airlift developed during World War II to re-supply otherwise inaccessible troops; propaganda letters were also a common item to include in airdrops -Blitzkrieg - German word meaning “lightning war”; a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces intended to achieve a quick victory -Battle of Britain - the name commonly given to the effort by the German Luftwaffe to gain air superiority over the British RAF before a planned sea and airborne invasion of Britain (which never occurred) during World War II -Battle of Stalingrad - German soldiers surrender to Soviets on January 31, 1943 after many months of combat; proved to be the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe -Casablanca - The first American troops arrive overseas; led by General Patton, U.S. and British troops began the North African Campaign on November 8, 1942; it targeted the key ports and airports of Morocco and Algeria -Battle of the Bulge - a month-long battle of World War II, in which the Allies succeeded in turning back the last major German offensive of the war -D-Day (Operation Overlord) - a name given to June 6, 1944, the day on which the Allies launched an invasion of the European mainland during World War II 1 World War II and . . . . Cold War Vocabulary List Turning Points . . . . (continued) -Holocaust - the systematic murder (genocide) of Effects on American Life -Selective Services Act - originally enacted in Jews and other groups in Europe by the Nazis before and during World War II -V-E Day - a name given to May 8, 1945 (Victory in Europe Day) on which General Eisenhower’s acceptance of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany marked the end of World War II in Europe -Pearl Harbor - the Japanese attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet naval base on December 7, 1941 brought the U.S. into World War II -Island Hopping - a military strategy used by the Allies during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others -Battle of Midway - a World War II battle that took place in early June, 1942; the turning point of the war in the Pacific -Battle of Okinawa - 1945 World War II battle between the United States and Japan -Battle of Iwo Jima - bunkered Japanese soldiers defended Japanese islands; included fiercest fighting in the Pacific campaign; high casualty rates led to Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb -J. Robert Oppenheimer - physicist who led the American effort in World War II to develop the first atomic bomb -Manhattan Project - the U.S. program to develop an atomic bomb for use in World War II -Atomic Bomb - nuclear attacks against Japan in an effort to end World War II early; “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki three days later -V-J Day - the government of Japan accepted the American terms for surrender on August 14, 1945; Victory in Japan Day was celebrated the next day -Tehran - site of preliminary discussions between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin at the end of 1943 -Yalta - site of a second meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in February, 1945 to plan the final defeat of Germany and to make decisions about the postwar world -Potsdam - the final meeting between the leaders of Great Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union to decide the fate of Germany, to establish post-war order, and to decide peace treaty issues -Nuremberg Trials - the court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany after World War II in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes 1917, it required men to register for military service -Women's Army Corps (WAC) - the women's branch of the US Army during World War II; the first women other than nurses to serve with the Army; about 150,000 American women served because the shortage of men necessitated a new policy -“Rosie the Riveter” - cultural icon of the U.S. that represents the 6 million women who worked in manufacturing plants producing war materials while the men were over seas fighting -War Production Board - an agency established during World War II to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries -Rationing – the government found it necessary to ration food, gas, and even clothing in order to control supply and demand during World War II; Americans were asked to conserve on everything; it was introduced to avoid public anger with shortages -War Bonds - began on May 1, 1941 in an effort to raise money for the projected entry of the U.S. into World War II -Japanese Internment - confinement of Japanese-Americans in prison-like camps during World War II -Korematsu v. United States - 1944 Supreme Court case alleging violations of civil rights by the U.S. government for detaining Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II -Great Migration - the movement of more than five million African Americans in the United States that took place from 1941 until 1970; they moved to take skilled jobs in the defense industry during World War II and jobs in the burgeoning industrial cities -Baby Boomers - a term used to describe a person who was born between 1946 and 1964; following World War II, there was an unusual spike in birth rates -G.I. Bill - the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 which created a whole new middle class (general issue) -Middle class - a social class consisting of those people who have a degree of economic independence, but not a great deal of social influence or power; numbers increased during and after World War II -Levittown - mass produced houses; affordable houses in the 1950s 2 World War II and . . . . Cold War Vocabulary List -Geneva Accords - divided Vietnam at the 17th Beginnings of the Cold War -Iron Curtain - a phrase used by Winston parallel -Nikita Khrushchev - served as First Secretary Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe; marked the beginning of the Cold War -Marshall Plan - the program proposed by Secretary of States George Marshall in 1947, under which the U.S. supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II -Truman Doctrine - a U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by Communism; first used to aid Turkey and Greece -Berlin Airlift - a 327-day operation in which U.S. and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948 -Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) created by Congress with the National Security Act of 1947 and signed into law by President Harry S. Truman; had the authority to conduct covert operations abroad and gather intelligence -Hydrogen Bomb - the second basic type of nuclear weapon produced by the United States; could be over a thousand times more powerful than an atomic bomb -Douglas MacArthur - led United Nations forces defending South Korea in 1950-51 against North Korea's invasion; was removed from command by President Harry S Truman in April 1951 for insubordination and failure to follow Presidential directives -Korean War - “America’s Forgotten War;” an example of how the US was trying to contain communism by not allowing South Korea to fall to communism -Police Action - another name for a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war; the term was first used by Truman to describe the Korean War -Eisenhower Doctrine - a plan to prevent countries in the Middle East from falling to communism -Berlin Wall - built by the Soviet Union to stop the flow of East Germans into West Germany by way of Berlin; fell in 1989 signaling the end of Cold War -Israel - after World War I, the League of Nations approved a "national home for the Jewish people”; in 1947 the United Nations approved a partition into two states, one Jewish and one Arab; on May 14, 1948, Israel declared its independence; its victory in the subsequent Arab-Israeli War expanded the borders of the Jewish state -Chinese Civil War- 1949, China fell to communism of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin; he was responsible for the De-Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy; removed from power in 1964 -U-2 Incident - a U.S. spy plane shot down by the Soviets which the U.S. initially denied any knowledge of; led to the cancellation of a meeting between Eisenhower & Khrushchev to discuss peace between the U.S. & the Soviet Union -Limited Test Ban Treaty - the first nuclear treaty signed by JFK & Khrushchev; banned nuclear testing above the ground which would eliminate the radioactive fallout that this testing results in -Fidel Castro - came to power in an armed revolution that overthrew the dictatorship of Batista in 1959; led the transformation of Cuba into a one-party socialist republic; ally of Soviet Union throughout the Cold War -Bay of Pigs - a failed mission in Cuba to remove Castro from power that hurt JFK’s popularity -Cuban Missile Crisis - brought the U.S. & the Soviet Union to the brink of war; JFK forced the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba Organizations to Maintain Peace -Alliance for Progress- a program under JFK to promote economic development & prevent Latin American countries from falling to communism -NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - a defensive military alliance (collective security) formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada -O. A. S. (Organization of American States)- to condemn communist infiltration into the Americas & to increase cooperation among the Americas -S.E.A.T.O. - South East Asia Treaty Organization formed to prevent Vietnam and other South East Asian countries from falling to communism -National Security Act, 1947 - a law that allowed Truman to realign and reorganize the U.S. armed forces, foreign policy, and the intelligence communities in the aftermath of World War II; created the Department of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council 3 World War II and . . . . Cold War Vocabulary List Organizations . . . . (continued) -National Security Council - a group that assists the President in considering national security and foreign policy matters -United Nations - an international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong; founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development; replaced the League of Nations -Warsaw Pact - a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites in response to the formation of NATO 4