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Alkyl Halide:It is the class or family of organic compounds which contain halide group-x is called alkyl halides.
Its general formula CnH2 n + IX or R-X. Where “R” is called alkyl group-x is halide (Cl,Br,I).
A- Nomenclature:1:-Common system: - In this system these compounds are named as .first writing the name of alkyl
group to which x is attached, the then writing the name of halide ion.
Example: - (i) CH3 –CL
(ii) CH3-CH2 –Cl
(iii) CH 3 –CH2 – CH2 – Cl
Methyl chloride
Ethyl chloride
Propyl chloride
2:-IUPAC SYSTEM:- (compounds are named as Haloalkane).
1.Select the longest chain to which the halogen is attached and give it the name of
corresponding alkane.
2.Prefix the name of the alkane by chloro, bromo, iodo or fluoro.
3.Number the chain beginning at the end which is nearest to the halogen atom or side chain.
4.The position of halogen atom and other susbtituents is indicated by number, name and
placed as prefixes in alphabetical order.
5.Two or more identical halogens substituents are named by prefixes di, tri, tetra etc.
Structure formula
Common name
IUPAC system
1,CH3-Cl
Methyl chloride
Chloro methane
2,CH3-CH2-Br
Ethyl bromide
Bromo ethane
3,CH-Cl3
Chloroform
Tri-chloro methane
4,CH2-I2
Methyl di iodide
Di iodo methane
5,CCl4
Carbon tetra chloride
Tetra chloro methane
6,CH3- CH –CH3
Iso-propyl chloride
2-Chloro propare
Cl
7,CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
Cl
8,CH3-CH-CH2-I
Iso-butyl chloride
2- Chloro butane
2-methyl-1-iodo propane.
Iso-butyl iodide
CH3
CH3
9,CH3-C-Br
Ter:butyl bromide
2-blomo-2-methyl propane.
CH3CH3
10,CH3-C-CH2-Cl
Neo-pentyl chloride
CH3
11,CH2=CH-Cl
12,CH2=CH-CH2-Cl
1-chloro -2,2-di methyl propane.
1-chloro ethane
Vinyl chloride
Allyl chloride
3-chloro-1-propene
1
ALCOHOLS:Alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bonded to an alkyl
group. The general formula of alcohol is CnH2 n+1OH or R-OH. The functional group is -OH
group or hydroxyl group.
Common System:In this system ethyl alcohols are named as alkyl alcohol, the name of
alkyl group is written first followed by the word alcohol. Alcohol containing up to five carbon
atoms are known by their common names.
IUPAC System:1. Select the longest chain of carbon atoms as the parent hydrocararbon, the carbon containing
hydroxyl group.
2. Name the longest chain by dropping “e” of the cottesponding alkane and adding the ending –Ol.
Alkane –e +Ol
alkanol
3. Numbering starting from that end where the –OH group in nearest.
4. The position of –OH group and alkyl group indicated by number of carbon atoms to which they
are attached.
5. If more than one –OH group are present in the longest chain of carbonators the use the suffixes,
adiol, triol, etc. without replacing the final “e” from the parent alkane.
Sr.NoStructure
.
formula
1.
CH3-OH
2.
3.
4.
CH3-CH2-OH
CH3-CH2 –CH2-OH
CH3-CH-OH
5.
CH3
CH3-CH-CH2-OH
Common name
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
n-propyl alcohol
Sec: propyl alcohol
Or iso propyl alcohol
I.U.P.A.C Name
Methanol
Ethanol
1-propanol
2-proupanol
Iso- butyl alcohol
methyl 1-propanol
CH3
CH3 -CH-CH2-CH3
6.
Sec :butyl alcohol
2-butanol
n-pentyl alcohol
1-pentanol
neo- pentyl alcohol
2,2-di methyl 1-propanol
tert : butyl alcohol
2-methyl -2- propanol
iso- pentyl alcohol
2-methyl -1- butanel
OH
CH
7. 3-
8.
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-OH
CH3
CH3-C-CH2-OH
CH3
CH3
CH3-C-OH
9.
CH3
CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-OH
10.
CH3
ethane-1,2-diol
2
11.
ethylene glycol
(1,2-ethane diol)
glycerol
1,2,3-propantriol
CH2=CH-OH
Vinyl Alcohol
Ethene – 1-ol
CH2=CH-CH2-OH
Allyl Alcohol
2- propene-1-ol
CH2-CH2
OH
12.
OH
CH2-CH2-CH2
OH
13.
OH OH
14.
ETHERS:Ethers are compounds in which oxygen is bonded to two alkyl group are called ethers.
Its general formula is R-O-R or CnH2n+2O.
Nomenclature:Common system:Ethers are organic compounds usually named on the basis of the two alkyl
groups attached to the oxygen atom are named in alphabetical order and the word ether is added.
If the groups are same, the prefix –di-used before the name of alkyl group.
I.U.P.A.C Name:In the IUPAC system other are named as alkoxy alkanes (the others are alkanes in which a
hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkoxy (-OR) group). (It is the smaller alkyl group with oxygen
atom is called alkoxy substituents). The larger radical in selected as parent hydro carbon.
3
2
1
E.g.:- CH3 CH2-CH2-O-CH3
1-methoxy propane
CH3
OCH2-CH3
CH3-CH- CH2-CH2-CH-CH3
6
5
4
3
2 1
2- Ethoxy-5-methoxy hexane.
Sr
Structure Fourmula
No
Common Name
IUPAC Name
1
2
CH3-O-CH3
CH3-CH2-O-CH3
Common system
Di methyl ether
Ethyl methyl ether
IUPAC Name
Methoxy methane
Ethoxy ethane
3
C2H5-O-C2H5
Di – ethyl ether
Ethoxy ethane
4
CH3-CH-O-CH3
I so- propyl methyl ether
2-methoxy propane
CH3
3
5
CH3
│
CH3-CH2-O-C-CH3
│
CH3
Ethyl tert: butyl ether
2-methyl –
2-methoxy propane
6
CH3-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
Methyl- propyl ether
1-methoxy propane
ALDEHYDE:Aldehydes are compounds in which the carbonyl group (C=O) is bonded to an alkyl group and
hydrogen are called aldehydes.
Its general formula CnH2nO or R-CHO functional group -CHO or -C-H
O
Nomenclature:A: - COMMON SYSTEM:The common name of aldehyde is derived from the common name of acid to which the aldehyde is
oxidized- The ending –IC acid is replaced by the word aldehyde.
e.g.
H--CHO
formaldehyde
CH3 – CHO
acetaldehyde
Thus root name of carboxylic acid is written first then name of family or class i.e. aldehyde is
added as a suffix.
B:- IUPAC NAME (system):01:- Select the longest chain of carbon atom containing the aldehyde group (-CHO) as a parent
structure.
02:- The name is obtained by dropping the final –e from the name of corresponding alkane and
adding ending –al.
Alkane – e + al
alkanal.
03:- Number the carbon chain by assigning number –I to the aldehydic carbon.
04:- The positions of substituents are indicated by the number of the carbon to which they
are
attached.
05:- when two or three aldehydes group in a molecule it is named as alkandial.
S.No Structural formula
Common name
IUPAC Name
1.
H-C-H
Formaldehyde
Methanal
O
2.
CH3- C-H
Acetaldehyde
Ethanal
3.
4.
5.
O
CH3-CH2-CH2 CHO
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO
CH3-CH2-CHO
Butyrelaldelyde
Valeraldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Butanal
Pentanal
Propanal
4
6.
7.
8.
9.
CH3-CH-CHO
CH 3
γ β α
CH3-C-CH2-CHO
│ CH3
Iso-butyraldelyde or
α-methyl Propionaldehyde
2-methyl-1- propanal
β methyl butyre aldehydie
3-methyl -1- Butanal
CHO-CHO
Glaxol
CH2-CH-CHO
Glyceraldehyde
1,2-ethandial
2,3-dihydroxy-1-proponal
OH OH
9.
CH3
CH3-CH-CH-CH2-CHO
10.
β-ethyl γ methyl
Valeraldehyde
3-ethyl-4-methyl Pentanal
α-methylα-bromopropionaldehyde
2-bromo-2-methyl -1-propanal
C2H5
CH3
11.
CH3-CH-CHO
Br
KETONE:Ketenes are compounds in which the carbonyl group (=C=O) is bonded to two alkyl radicals.
O
01.
02.
03.
04.
Its general formula CnH2nO or R-C-R functional group of ketone is R-CO-R.
Where “R” stands for alkyl group may be different or same.
A: Common system:- In common system, the name of alkyl group is written first then name of
family ketone is added. When two alkyl groups are same, the prefix “di” is added before the name
of alkyl group.
The name of lower alkhyl group is written first if two different alkyl radicals are different. When
two alkyl groups are same then it is said to be simple or symmetrical ketone. When two alkyl
groups are different then it is said to be un-symmetrical ketone.
For example: CH3-CO-CH3
C2H5-CO-CH3
Diethyl ketone.
Ethyl methyl ketone
IUPAC SYSTEM:Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the carbonyl group as a parent
structure.
Name the longest chain by dropping “e” from the name of corresponding Alkane and adding the
“one”. Alkane –e+one
alkanone
Number the carbon chain from the end nearest to the carbonyl group.
The position of substituents is indicated by the number of carbon atom to which they are attached.
5
05. Locate the position of carbonyl group by writing its number followed by a hyphene at the name of
ketone.
S.No
01.
Structural formula
CH3-CO-CH3
Common name
Di methyl ketone or Acetone
IUPAC Name
2-Propanone
02.
CH3-CH2-CO-CH2-CH3
Di ethyl ketone
3-Pentanone
03.
CH3-CO-CH2-CH3
Methyl ethyl ketone
2- Butanone
04.
CH3-CO-CH2-CH2-CH3
Methyl n-propyl ketone
2- Pentanone
05.
CH3-CO-CH-CH3
Methyl Iso propyl ketone
3-methyl -2-butanone
06.
CH3
CH3-CH-CO-CH2-CH2-CH3
Sec: butyl Iso propyl ketone
2,4-dimethyl -3-hexanone
Methyl vinyl ketone
1-butene-3-one
CH3
CH3
07.
CH3-CO-CH2=CH2
08.
CH3-CO-CH2-CH2-CO-CH3
2,5-hexane dione
09.
CH-CO-CH=CH-CO-CH3
3-hexene -2,5-dione
CARBOXYLIC ACID: Organic compounds which contain carboxyl group –COOH in their molecule are called carboxyl
acid.
It’s general formula CnH2 n +1COOH
Or R-COOH
A: COMMON SYSTEM: Common name of carboxylic acid are derived from their origions (occurrences)
6
SR No
01.
Structure
HCOOH
Common name
Formic acid
Occurrences
Ants (L-Formica)
02.
CH3 COOH
Acetic acid
Vinegar (L-acetum)
03.
CH3 CH2 COOH
Prop ionic acid
Milk (Gr: protos=first, pion=fat)
Found in butter (L-butyrum)
04.
CH3 (CH2)2 COOH
Butyric acid
05.
CH3(CH2 )3 COOH
Valeric acid
06.
CH3(CH2)4 COOH
Caproic acid
07.
CH3(CH2)14 COOH
Palmitic acid
Valerian roof
(L-valere=to be strong )
Goat (L-caper)
(goat milk )
palms
fats
08.
CH3-(CH2)16 COOH
Stearic acid
NOTE: - L=Latin
Gr=Greek
IUPAC RULES FOR NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACID
01. Select the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the carboxylic group as parent structure.
02. The terminal “e” of the Alkane is replaced by adding –oic acid
Alkane-e+oic acid
Alkanoic acid
03. Number the chain starting with carboxyl carbon as number I.
04. Other substituents are numbered, named and placed as prefixes in alphabetical order. e.g.: `
CH3
CH3-CH-CH2-COOH
3-Methyl butanoic acid
05. When there are two carboxyl groups in a molecule, it is named as Alkane dioic acid.
e.g.
HOO-C-C-OOH
1, 2-Ethandioc acid or oxalic acid
CH3
γ
β
α
CH3-CH2-CH-COOH
α-Methyl butyric acid or 2-methyl butanoic acid.
δ
γ β
α
CH3-CH2-CH3-CH2-COOH
CH3 CH3
- α,β– dimethyl valeric acid or 2, 3- di methyl pentanoic acid
β
α
CH3-CH2-COOH
OH
7
α-Hydroxy propionic acid or 2-hydroxy propanoic acid
HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH
OH OH
Tartaric acid or 2, 3-dihydroxy butandioc acid
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
Succinic acid or 1, 4- butandioc acid
HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
Gultenic acid or 1, 5- pentandioic acid
HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
Adipic acid OR 1, 6- hexandioic acid
CH2 - COOH
OH-C-COOH
CH2-COOH
Citric acid or 2- hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propan – trioic acid
CH3
CH3-C-COOH
CH3
Piralic acid or 2, 2-di methyl propanoic acid
HOOC-CH== CH-COOH
Maleic acid or 2-butendioic acid
α,β,γ and δ system in common names : Greek letters α , β, γ and δ are used to indicate the position of substiluents in common names α carbon is that to which is functional group (-COOH) is attached – next to α is β carbon and next
to β is γ carbon.
i.e. C - C - C - C - COOH
δ γ β α
Thus
(i)
α -methyl propionic acid
CH3 – CH - COOH
CH3
(ii)
β - methyl butyric acid
CH3-CH-CH2-COOH
γ
β α
CH3
δ
(iii)
γ
β
α
α , β di methyl valeric acid CH3-CH2-CH-CH-COOH
8
CH3 CH3
δ γ β α
δ- Hydroxy caproic acid CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
(vi)
OH
α - chloro Succinic acid
(vii)
α
COOH-CH2-CH- COOH
Cl
NOMENCLATURE OF ESTER
Esters are formed from carboxylic acid R-COO-H by the replacement of H by an alkyl radical.
It’s general formula CnH2nO2 or R-COO-R.
Its F.G is – COOR (Alkoxy carbonyl group).
The name of ester consists of two words.
First we write the name of alkyl radical attached to oxygen atom, and then we write the second
word the name of parent acid whose suffix –ic acid is changed by –ate.
EXAMPLE: -
HCOOCH3
Methyl formate
Sr.No COMMON NAME STRUCTURE FORMULA
H-C-O-CH3
01. Methyl formate
Methyl methanoate
O
CH3-C-O-CH2-CH3
02. Ethyl acetate
I.U.P.A.C NAME
Ethyl ethanoate
O
03. Ethyl propionate
C2H5-C-O-CH2-CH3
Ethyl propanoate
04. Methyl propionate
O
C2H5-COO-CH3
Methyl propanoate
05. Iso – propyl acetate
or sec:propyl acetate
CH3COO-CH-CH3
Iso-propyl propanoate
CH3
CH3
06.
C
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COO-C-CH3
Tert:butyl ethanoate
CH3
Cl-COO-CH2-CH3
Ethyl chloro carbonate
or methanoate.
9
NOMENCLATURE OF AMINE: Alkyl or aryl derivative of NH3 are called AMINES.
They are of three types.
1. Primary amine.
They have only one radical R- NH2
2. Secondary amine
They have two radicals
E.g. R-NH-R
3. Tertiary amine.
they have three radicals
e.g. R – N - R
R
A COMMON NAME OR TRIVIAL: The name of alkyl group is written first then name of family is added as a suffix.
The suffix amine is used.
01. CH3 – NH2
02. C2H5 – NH2
Methyl amine
Ethyl amine
CH3
03. CH3-CH-NH2
Iso –propyl amine
Or sec: propyl amine
04. CH3-CH2 – CH – NH2
CH3
SEC: butyl amine
05. CH3 – CH – CH2 – NH2
CH3
Iso-butyl amine
06.
CH3 – NH
CH3
Di methyl amine sec:
CH3
07. CH3 – NH – C - CH3
CH3
Methyl tert : butyl amine
10
NH
08.
Di phenyl amine
09.
N
Tri-phenyl Amine
10. CH3-N-C6H5
C2H5
Ethyl methyl phenyl amine
NOMENCLATURES OF PHENOL.
Phenols are aromatic hydroxy compounds in which –OH group is attached directly to benzene ring
or to the ring of derivative.
CLASSIFICATION: They are classified as the number of –OH groups they contain.
01 MONOHYDRIC PHENOL
OH
Ex.
Phenyl alcohol or phenol (carbolic acid)
02 DI HYDRIC PHENOL.
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
CATECHOL
RESORCINOL
HYPROQUINONE
03 TRIHYDRIC PHENOL
OH
Ex.
OH
OH
OH
11
OH
OH
HYDROXY HYDRO QUINONE
PYROGALLOL
NAPHATHOLS: Compounds in which – OH group is attached to Naphathalein ring are called Naphthols.
Example: -
α -Naphthol
Or 2-naphthol.
β-naphthol
Or 1-naphthol
DERIVATIVE OF PHENOLS: Substituted phenols are named as derivative of phenol when –CH3 is attached to phenol it is called
CRESOL.
Ex.
OH
OH
OH
CH3
CH3
O-cresol or
2-methyl phenol
M-cresol
3- methyl phenol
CH3
P-cresol or
4 -methyl Phenol
OH
NO2
NO2
NO2
Picric acid or 2, 4, 6-trinitro phenol.
I.U.PAC NAMES: Basic compound is called phenol.
The position of other groups is denoted by number.
Numbering should give the substituents smallest possible number.
Ex.
OH
Cl
OH
OH
12
2-Chloro phenol
OH
1, 3, 5-tri hydroxy
Benzene
OH
. OH
CH (CH3)2
NO2
4-nitro phenol or p-nitro phenol
m-iso propyl phenol
Or 3-iso propyl
. OH
OH
COOH
4
SO3H
p- phenol or 4- phenol
Sulphonic acid
Or p-Hydroxy Benzene
Sulphonic acid
O-Hydroxy benzoic acid
or 2-hydroxy benzoic acid
Or
SALICYLIC ACID
BENZENE
NOMENCLATURE: 1.
OH
2. CH2
CO
O
CH2
CO
Succinic anhydride
Cyclo hezanol
3.
4.
CH3
CO
CH2
Lead acetate
CO
Pb
Cydohexene
5.
6.
CH3
COO
Ca
Cyclopentene
CH3
COO
Calcium acetate
CH3
13
CH
7.
8.
CH3
CH3
CO
Iso – propyl benzene or cumene
O
CH3
CO
Acetic anhydride
9.
CH2
CH2
10.
CH==CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cyclo – pentane
Styrene
11. .
CH2
CH2
12.
OCH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
anisole or methoxy benzene
Cyclohexane
13.
NH2
14.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Aniline or amino benzene
15.
17.
16.
Benzene
OH
Carbolic acid or phenol
1, 2, 3-tri-chloro benzene
CH3
toluene
18.
N
14
Pyridine
19.
COONa
20.
CH3
CH3
CH3
Sodium benzoate
21.
CH3
Durene or 1, 2, 4, 5- tetra methyl benzene
SO3H
22.
NO2
nitro – benzene
Benzene Sulphonic acid
23.
COOH
24.
CO-CH3
Benzoic acid
25.
acetophenone
COOH
26.
NO2
COOH
NO2
Pthalic acid
meta-dinitro benzene
CH3
27.
NO2
NO2
NO2
28.
NO2
2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene
Or 2, 4, 6-trinitro methyl Benzene
29.
COCl
NO2
Meta Dinitro Benzene
30.
15
Benzoyl chloride
Naphthalene
31.
32.
CHO
Benzaldehyde
Bi - phenyl
33.
34.
H-CO-O
CONH2
Ca
H-CO-O
Calcium formate
Benz amide
35.
OH
36
.CH2 – CN
OH
Cyno – hydrin
Cyclo – hexanol
37. NH2 – CH2 – COOH
Glycine
38.
O
‖
CH - C
‖
CH – C
‖
O
O
Maleic anhydride
16
39. CH2 – CH – CHO
OH OH
Glyceraldehydes
41. OHC – CHO
GLOXAL
40. H – C – H
N – OH
OXIME
42. H – C – Cl
O
Formyl chloride
43. CH2 – CH2 – Cl
S
CH2 – CH2 – Cl
Musturad gas
44. H – COO▔
formate
45. CH 2 = CH – CN
Vinyl cyanide
Or Acrylonitrile
46.
Anthracene
47. CH3 – CH – COOH
NH
Alanine
17
Sr
No
Structure Fourmula
Common Name
IUPAC Name
1
2
CH3-O-CH3
CH3-CH2-O-CH3
Common system
Di methyl ether
Ethyl methyl ether
IUPAC Name
Methoxy methane
Ethoxy ethane
3
C2H5-O-C2H5
Di – ethyl ether
Ethoxy ethane
I so- propyl methyl ether
2-methoxy propane
Ethyl tert: butyl ether
2-methyl –
2-methoxy propane
Methyl- propyl ether
1-methoxy
propane
4
CH3-CH-O-CH3
CH3
5
6
CH3
│
CH3-CH2-O-C-CH3
│
CH3
CH3-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3
18