Download Unit 9

Unit 9
National Unification and Dominant
Powers
granted a constitution to his people - In
1849 Victor Emanuel II (1849-1878)
took over as King
Objectives:
-To understand the changes in Europe
that allowed for major political changes
-To understand the personalities and the
events involved in the unification of
Italy and Germany
-Students will understand major
political, economic, social and
intellectual trends of the last half of the
19th century.
Needs maps
Italy - Unification
Barriers
1.not united since the fall of the Roman
Empire
2. Northern Italy more industrial and
economically stable
3. Southern Italy more agrarian and
family-run (Mafia)
4. Habsburg control over parts of
Northern Italy
5. Papal Control over central Italy
6. No central political power
7. If Unification (1848 attempt)
Monarchy – Constitutional Monarchy –
Papal Govt. – or a republic.
8. Geography Mountains run east–west
Risorgimento the resurgence of Italian
Nationalism lead by liberal aristocracy
and the middle class mostly in the
northern territories and anti-papal
authority groups.
1815-1845- two charismatic leaders
Giuseppe Mazzini and Vincenzo
Gioberti both were unsuccessful in
unifying Italy.
Mazzini wanted a centralized
democratic republic based on universal
manhood suffrage and the will of the
people.
Gioberti a catholic priest wanted a
federation controlled by the Pope
Following the defeats of 1848 at the
hands of the Austrians and French Victor
Emanuel I King of Piedmont-Sardinia
Piedmont Sardinia
King Victor Emanuel II
1852 Count Camillo di Cavour
Appointed as Prime Minister
Cavour became the architect for Italian
Unification a middle class noble if was
able to unify the Nobility of Piedmont
with the Middle class along economic
lines and the concept of a strong national
state. A true politician the ends justified
the means with the goal of Italian
Unification lead by Piedmont.
He created a small central power within
the Piedmont govt. that balanced out the
politics – he kept the church – the
nobility – and the liberal republicans – in
check by making them dependent upon
each other to stay in power –
- expanded the constitutional
monarchy
- improved the economy by
making it easier for business to
get credit
- increased trade and foreign
capitol in Piedmont
- built railways
- improved and enlarged the Army
- taxed Church property
-
made the clergy subject to
Piedmont Law
The International politics of Italian
Unification
Cavour while successful in Piedmont
wanted Italy unified this could not
happen as long as foreign powers were
controlling Italian states AUSTRIA
1854 Crimea
(1853-1856 Crimean War Russia
attacked the Ottoman Empire –the Slavic
Slap in Jerusalem caused a war in
Crimea – Russia wanted a warm water
port on the Black Sea and access to the
Med. Dardanelle Straights – England did
not want this nor did France – Russia
declared war on Ottoman Empire Britain
and France joined the Ottomans and
Cavour saw an opportunity.)
Cavour sent 15,000 troops t o fight
Russia with the idea that Piedmont
would have a say in how Eastern Europe
was redrawn after the war.
Peace of Paris 1856 – Cavour used the
peace talks to ally with France – France
wanted a part of Piedmont, a political
marriage between the ruling families and
Piedmont wanted France to support a
war against Austria.
July 1858 at Plombieres France agreed
to support a war against Austria –
Cavour and Napoleon III convinced
Russia (protector of the Slavs) to stay
out of the war and to ignore the
Congress of Vienna (status quo of
Empires)–France told Russia it would
consider letting the Russians put a fleet
in the Black Sea.
Cavour’s manipulation of politics
made the Austrian response to these
agreements out to be the aggressor thus
keeping Prussia from coming to the aid
of Austria.
April 1859 Austria invaded Piedmont –
France declared war on Austria
Politics of War
June 1859 France and Piedmont
defeated the Austrian Army at Magenta
and Solferino – Napoleon III no feared
that the defeat of Austria might give
Prussia to much power and feared a
Prussian invasion of Austria. While
French troops fought Austrians in Italy –
Cavour caused insurrections in Bologna,
Modena and Parma and the Papal states
driving out Habsburg rulers in Italy.
Napoleon III now feared a to powerful
Piedmont and made peace with Austria
in order to avoid a possible Prussian
Invasion and to strong of a Piedmont.
March 1860 Treaty of Turin
Piedmont-Sardinia acquired Tuscany,
Modena, Parma and Bologna – it gave
up Lombardy and Nice to the French
Northern and Central Italy were now
under Cavour’s control and United.
Southern Italy
Cavour now needed the support of
“super Patriot” Giuseppe Garibaldi and
his red shirt army.
Francis II Bourbon king of the
Kingdom of Two Sicilies faced revolts
from Sicilians
April 1860 Garibaldi invaded and
captured Palermo and became the ruler
of Sicily and increased the size of his red
Shirt Army – invaded Southern Italy and
captured Naples (AUG)
Sept 1860 Garibaldi then marched on
Rome to oust the Pope and the French
Army protecting him and then Venetia
to oust the last of the Hapsburg
holdings– Cavour who encouraged
Garibaldi now feared France would
invade to protect the Pope and Austrian
would invade to protect its territory.
Cavour sent an army to Rome to join
Garibaldi in order to stop his now
independent patriotic war. Cavour made
Garibaldi in a national hero and
prevented France and Austria from
invading.
Oct 1860 By a plebiscite vote Naples,
Sicily, and the Papal States joined
Piedmont-Sardinia in unifying Italy only
Venetia and Rome itself remained
outside of Italy
Nov 1860 Victor Emanuel II became
King Victor Emanuel II of Italy
1866 Austria declared war on Prussia
and Italy joined Prussia and liberated
Venetia
1870 France went to war with Prussia
and Italy joined Prussia and took over
Rome when France pulled its troops out
to fight Prussia. Rome then became the
capitol of Italy
May 1871 Law of Papal Guarantees
creating Vatican City and the Holy Sea
for the Pope to control Italy was unified.
-National loyalty did not exist –family
region town pope
-70% illiterate
-Camorra in Naples
-Mafia in Sicily
-industrial triangle in the North Milan
Turin and Genoa
-Agriculture in the South
-Pope did not let Catholics serve in
Italian Govt.
-Secular schools
-Following the death of Victor
Emmanuel II political corruption under
King Umberto and Premier Crispi –
1896 war in Ethiopia failed
1901 Victor Emmanuel III became King
and appointed Giovanni Giolitti as
Premier – Giolitti stabilized Italian
politics by creating a political machine
while very corrupt and in league with the
Mafia and Camorra and the Church it
was very effective for Italy.
Germany Unification
Barriers
- Upper class fears of peasant rule
- Revolution of 1848
- Austrian big German or Prussian
small German led
- No liberal led unification
- Scattered German population
- German particulars
- Status Quo of Europe
-Fredrick William IV Insane
Influences for Unification
Middle Class
1840’s Zollverein Plan
Austria’s loss to Piedmont
William I and Otto Von Bismarck
Problems facing United Italy
1861 Fredrick William IV dies and
William I becomes King of Prussia
1862 Prime Minister Bismarck
appointed- goal to create a unified
German state controlled by Prussia –
Ends Justifies The Means Realpolitik
“Not through speeches and majority
decisions are the great questions of the
day decided – that was the great mistake
of 11848 and 1849 – but through blood
and iron”
The wars of unification
1863 the Govt. works without
constitution authorization
-restricted freedom of the press
-refused to seat progressive mayors
-banned the discussion of political issues
in public forum
-Bismarck faced opposition from
William I and the public – but was able
to direct their attention against Austria.
Foreign policy Bismarck realized quick
Prussia was pinned between to large
Empires Russia and France.
Polish revolt against Russian rule – all of
Europe sided with the Poles (Austria had
a large Polish population) – Bismarck
saw an opportunity – Prussia sided with
Russia 1864 Danish War
Schleswig-Holstein
Ruled by the King of Demark but not
part of the kingdom Holstein belonged to
the German Confederation – March
1863 Denmark moved to make
Schleswig part of Denmark
Jan 1864 Prussia and Austria went to
war with Denmark
Oct 1864 Treaty of Vienna– Austria
ruled over Holstein and Prussia over
Schleswig
March April 1866
Austria weakened by the Danish War
was no vulnerable to Prussia and
Bismarck. Bismarck convinced France
to stay out of an Austro/Prussian war by
promising territory in the Rhineland.
Napoleon III believed Prussia would
lose and made a secret treaty with the
Hapsburgs. Bismarck made a secret
treaty with Italy promising Venetia if
they supported Prussia against Austria.
Austro Prussian War 1866
June defeated the German
Confederation Army
July defeated the Austrian Army at
Sadowa
Aug surprised everyone by not sacking
Vienna but asking for peace and helped
rebuild the Austria/Hungarian Empire –
done so Russia and France would stay
out of the war and to make a peaceful
border to the South (Benevolent Victor)
Treaty of Prague
The Northern German Confederation
was created under Prussian control and
Prussia maintained economic control
over the Southern German confederation
Franco/Prussian War 1870-1871
The Spanish throne was up for grabs and
France took the opportunity to go to war
with Prussia over the throne.
Russia would not help France because
of the Polish rebellion
Austria would not help France because
of Italy
Britain would not support France
because wanted control of Belgium and
Bismarck promised not to build a Navy
August /Sept 1870 Prussian Army
crushed Napoleon III’s forces and
surrounded Paris
Jan 18, 1871 At Versailles Prussia
acquired Alsace and Lorraine from
France and declared Germany Unified
King William I of Prussia became
Emperor William I of Germany – the
constitution of the Northern
Confederation created the new Govt. of
Germany and Bismarck became
Chancellor –
The balance of power had shifted in
Europe
Internal Affairs of Germany
Bismarck only answered to the Emperor
and the Reichstag had little real power in
foreign or domestic policy. Bismarck
hated the Catholics and the Socialists.
Kulturkampf - strip power of Catholics
(fear that the pope might strip away
govt. power) all priest had to take
secular course work and only civil
marriage was recognized in Germany
Catholics as well as Jews could not
obtain high offices in the civil service or
Govt. – closed churches and banished
Catholics – realized that the Catholics
had a strong political party and could
affect votes quickly stopped the
Kulturkampf and turned their anger
against the Socialist whom he hated
more.
Two attempts to kill William I were
blamed on the Socialist (nothing to
prove this) Socialist were denied
freedom of assembly – freedom of press
– and many were arrested for being a
socialist and forced the end of trade
unions
1888 William I died Fredrick III ruled
for 100 days and died William II
assumed the throne (spent many years
with his grandmother Queen of England)
Bismarck would last t only two years
before forced retirement – Bismarck
wanted all socialist removed from
Germany William II did not Bismarck
quit. The next several chancellors could
no control William II and he broke all
the alliances Bismarck had set up –
William began to compete with England
for a Navy – broke ties with Hapsburgs
and French and his Cousin Tsar Nicholas
II he fought with.
1871 Jews were given legal
emancipation
1873 the economy crashed
Conservatives blamed the Jews and the
spirit of Nationalism fueled the hatred.
1892 German Conservative adopted an
anti-Semitism platform. Liberalism was
on the decline by 1900 and aggressive
nationalism was on the rise. Germany
was the strongest state in Central
Europe.
Austria - Hapsburgs
Nationalism takes root in the
Austro/Hungarian Hapsburg Empire
Nationalism a long term threat to the
Hapsburg Empire – The problems of the
Empire were the same problems of
Europe – 11 nationalities lived in the
Empire
Ethnic Composition
Austro/Hungarian Empire in millions
by 1910
Ethnic Group
Population
Germans
12.0
Magyars
10.1
Czechs
6.6
Poles
5.0
Ukrainians
4.0
Romanians
3.2
Croats
2.9
Serbs
2.0
Slovaks
2.0
Slovenes
2.0
Italians
0.8
Bosnian Muslims
0.6
Others
0.4
The people were not connected by a
common language– ethnicity – nor was
transportation within the Empire easy
lacked railroads and waterways and
streets. Religion was predominately
Catholic which bound them to the
church but Jews Gypsy and Muslim
lived within the Empire The idea of the
Monarchy kept the Empire together –
The emperor relied on the upper middle
class German-speaking members of the
Empire and all of the landed ethnic
nobles who combined had no love for
Joseph II but feared rule by the peasant
more.
The Army held the Empire together but
could not win on the battlefield.
1851 Alexander Von Bach Prime
Minster
Improved Hapsburg control over Austria
following 1848 revolts and restored
rights to the Catholic Church in his
Patent of Dec. 1851 Protestants and Jews
lost rights and Police force was
increased.
1860 Bach fired – Anton von
Schmerling Patent of Feb 1861 a
constitutional bicameral parliament
created
1861 War with Prussia they stood alone
because of supporting Poles against
Russia. With the loss liberals called for
a constitutional government.
1865 Ferenc Deak a Magyar noble told
Joseph II that Hungary’s existence
depended upon Hapsburg rule – Joseph
II feared a Prussian Magyar alliance
1867 Dual Monarchy was created and
renamed the Austro/Hungarian Empire
Hungarian Parliament declared Joseph II
king of Hungary and Emperor of the
Empire but the parliament and
Hungarian officials did not have to
answer to Joseph II – the Empire
controlled defense and Economics
everything else was left to Hungary
within its territory
1868 Nationality law passed all peoples
within the Empire were entitled to use
their own language in schools, church
and Govt. offices not German
1870’s Hungarian portion begins to face
the same problems and demands from
within its borders as it had had with the
Austrians. Ethnic groups wanting
independence within the Empire.
Pan-Slavism unifies of all Slavic people
lead by Serbia (Ottoman Empire)and
defended by Russia (protector of all of
the Slavic people)
1878 Ottoman Empire lost control of
Bosnia/Herzegovina (went to Austrian
Empire large Muslim/Serb population)
and Serbia (became independent wanted
all Slavs under one rule).
1880’s “Young Czech” movement the
third largest group in the Dual Monarchy
wanted independent rights. Poles also
demanded more rights
The Slavic question would strain
relations between Russia and the Dual
Monarchy.
Victorian Britain
1840 Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
married German Prince Albert (died of
typhoid 1861)–because he was German
Victoria ruled as a Queen without a
King by choice. Albert was not smart
enough to be English royalty. Albert
was placed in loose charge of the 1851
Great Exposition in London.
This was a celebration of the industrial
age and a way to demonstrate the power
of the British Empire
Crystal Palace – glass and iron 1,848’
long – 3,300 columns –2,300 girders pre
fabricated – gas-lit with public toilets –
100,000 exhibits 14,000 exhibitors
1851 at the Exposition the age was
named after Victoria – demonstrated the
confidence and contentment of the
middle class who believed in hard work
and competition determined who could
rule England no longer a birth rite. This
made Charles Darwin’s book Origin of
Species popular in the Industrial world
cause a rift between science and religion.
England by 1850 had scene a dramatic
decline in church attendance population
of 18 million on any given Sunday only
7.2 million – in response to Darwin
Anglicans built 1,727 more churches and
restored 7,000 older ones
Congregationalists and Catholics
doubled theirs – and Baptists increased
theirs.
Anglican Church remained for the
British elite and a target for liberal
reformers while the other churches
sought to “moralize” the lower class.
Temperance Movement – Charity
Organization Society and The
Salvation Army
Crimea
The Crimean War – 1853-1856
Turks
Ottoman Empire had controlled most of
the Middle East and the Balkan States of
Europe until the early 19th century- after
its loss of Greece (1820’s) the Ottoman
Empire was in vast decline “Old Man
Turk” Reforms were realized
1826 the Sultan reorganized military on
a European style
1831 Sultan Mahmud II reorganized
the treasury and called for a imperial
census
Tanzimat (reorganization) 1839-1878
1839 Rose Chamber Decree all people
in the Empire were entitled to life,
property and equal rights before the law.
(sound familiar) military conscription
and taxation was also created
1840’s central government – penal and
commercial codes
80% of the European part of the
Ottoman Empire was Christian they
were given religious freedoms and the
right to equal treatment in a Muslim
Court. Prior to this they were forced
divided by religion into specific
territories the rising merchant middle
class changed this.
France and Britain supported this
evolution of the Ottoman Empire as it
helped stabilize the Empire – Both
France and Britain needed the Ottoman
Empire to exist in order to counter
Russian Expansion – need for a warm
water port and the proclaimed protector
of the Slavic People. Wanted to take
advantage of the weakening Ottoman
Empire – Egypt was on the Verge of
independence and the Balkan States
were in rebellion for independence.
Russia was a major concern of Britain –
a threat to British Afghanistan and
British trade within the Ottoman Empire
Russia was an concern of the French as
well Napoleon III need a military victory
to secure his reign and proclaimed
himself the protector for of the Catholic
Faith.
Jerusalem controlled by the Ottoman
Empire home to the three major religions
of the world – Islam- Christianity- and
Judaism -(Start of Crimea) the Holy
Slavic Slap.
The Church of the Holy Sepulcher Napoleon III demanded that Catholics
have the right to the Church on an equal
basis as the Slavic Orthodox - Orthodox
said no locked out Catholics backed by
Russia started the war. Russia told the
Ottoman’s that it controlled Christianity
in the Ottoman Empire (needed an
excuse for War to take Crimea and the
Dardanelle Straits
1853 – Ottoman Empire declared war on
Russia
1854 France and Britain declared war of
Russia and invaded Sebastopol on the
Crimean Peninsula – a disastrous war for
all taking part – 600,000 died most from
disease
Florence Nightingale –improved
Hospital conditions
Alfred Lord Tennyson -“The Charge
of the Light Brigade” at Balaclava
1855 Sebastopol fell
1856 The Peace of Paris – what would
become Romania (1878) became
independent- Turkey became
independent – Black Sea declared a
neutral zone. Made Britain the Power
House of Europe. More fundamentally,
the Crimean War witnessed the collapse
of the Vienna Settlement, the system that
had enabled Austria, Britain, France,
Prussia and Russia to cooperate and
maintain peace for three decades. Russia
lost the war and with it the myth of
Russian might, the legacy of 1812, was
shattered
The other big loser would be neutral
Austria. Within a decade it had been
expelled from territory held in Germany
and Italy and forced to enter into a dualmonarchy with Hungary, formerly a
subject province. Multinational empires
were on notice - the 19th century was an
age of nations
The shock of defeat forced Russia to
adopt a programme of sweeping internal
reforms and industrialisation under Tsar
Alexander II, who came to throne in
early 1855. Elsewhere, Russia’s defeat
facilitated the unification of Germany
under Prussian control. While France
became the dominant military land
power in Europe, this was a temporary
situation and one that Prussia (Germany)
overturned in 1870-1871
Victorian Politics
1846 repeal of the Corn Law gave
Britons the confidence in their Govt. and
prevented revolution in 1848
1850 Britons all felt as if they were part
of the Empire and its success and they
easily identified with
Imperialism/Nationalism – Self Help
Groups were created so that minimal
Govt. handouts were needed. While
worker strikes were legal most union
preferred Arbitration rather than strikes(economic success)
1850-1860 Whigs dominated Parliament
pushed for reforms and to up hold
Laissez-faire economics – Became the
modern Liberal Party of England lead at
first by Henry John Temple Viscount
Palmerston “Lord Cupid” Victoria hated
him. Won the Crimean war and a small
war with China huge public support.
William Gladstone became Prime
Minister a Whig and Liberal- hated by
Victoria for his liberal ways his revival
was Benjamin Disraeli leader of the
Conservatives (pro
imperialism/nationalism) and friend to
the Queen.
1867 Reform Bill workers wanted
universal male suffrage – Victoria
opposed it – settle for Household
suffrage – adult male of a household
good vote- doubled the voters
Reforms of the age
Lead by the Middle class –“the poor
must be taken care of and paid so they
can buy our goods”
-Better living conditions for the poor
-Public Health inspectors
-Regulated Mines and Factories
-1866 Health Act clean water supplies
-End to the Purchase of Army
commissions
-Land reform in Ireland
-Trade unions made legal
-No child labor
-Municipalities took over housing and
education
-Govt. became the largest employer
Irish Question
80% Catholic
Irish Land act 1870
Desire for Home Rule by Catholics
opposed by Protestants and two militia
groups formed in Ulster IRA (Catholic)
Protestant Militia. Verge of Civil War.
1895 Conservatives return to power in
parliament
1900 English Labor party created by
James Keir Hardie
1901 Victoria dies Edward VII is King
Taff Vale decision hold union leaders
financially responsible repealed in 1906
1908 Herbert Asquith liberal PM
1909 Osborne Judgment attacked
railway unions
1910 George V King
1911 Asquith’s Parliament Act took
away the House of Lords Veto privilege
ending noble privileges over the
commoners and reversed Osborne
Judgment
1914 Home Rule passed Parliament for
Ireland ---WW I began.
Russia IT’S BIG
Autocratic state based on the relations
between the TSAR and the Nobles –
90% were Serfs. Small middle class of
intelligentsia believed Russia needed a
revolution and needed to westernize. By
1850 Serfdom was economically costly.
Nicholas I Tsar 1825-1855 following
Decembrist revolt he drove the West out
of Russia and kept Revolution from
occurring in 1848
Westernizers v. Slavophiles those
wanting western ways those holding on
the Tsar- Serfdom and Orthodoxy
1855 Alexander II becomes Tsar –
embarrassed by the defeat in Crimea say
a need to emancipate the Serfs to free up
the economy in order to compete wit the
West.
1859-1860 conquered Turkistan and
added 5 million Muslims to the Russian
Empire
1861 Serfs were emancipated with out
rebellion or war. (Unlike America) 22
million serfs were now free and now tied
to their villages through mandated
taxation paid to the state. Serfs moved to
the cities in search of work.
1864 a judicial branch is created
replacing the Tsar’s judgment.
1863 Polish rebellion
1866 conquered and annexed Tashkent
1867 Sold Alaska to America
1868 Japan Meiji restoration a new
threat to Russia
1877-1878 Russo-Turkish war (PanSlavism) Over Herzegovina really over
Dardanelle Straits Treaty of San
Stefano as a result Europe not wanting a
powerful Russia in warm water –
Bismarck –Congress of Berlin- added
territory to Greece – gave Russia the
mouth of the Danube River, created
Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and
carved up the African Continent.
1881 Britain invades Afghanistan to
protect interest in India from Russian
encroachment and Russian armies
crossed Siberia to the Pacific.
1860’s Nihilists – Populists –
revolutionaries
Nihilists – no dogmas did not accept
Russian traditions and hated the
Orthodox Church as well as moral codes
and anything from the West – wanted a
peasant revolution taught by them
Nikolay Chernyshevsky –What is to be
Done? 1866 Nihilists groups attempted
to assassinate Alexander II - Michael
Bakunin became the leading anarchist
and supporter of the Nihilists
Populist – anti Nihilist –romantics who
idealized the peasant class and believed
the elite should learn form them and that
revolution would come from a small
hand full that would unit the peasants
against the Tsar and overthrow the Govt.
Peter Lavrov Historical Letters
Two attempts on Alexander II – in
response Alexander II fired the head of
his secret police Third Section and the
secretary of education for to stick of
admissions into universities
1881 Alexander II Assassinated by the
grouped “Peoples Will” car bombing
the second bomb got him.
Alexander III (Tsar 1881-1894)
Ended power of the Zemstvos (early
local Govt. reform allowing some power
to each region) –Judicial Branch turned
over to the police – political prisoners
arrested and tried by military court –
exiled thousands. Under Alexander III
Russia grew even bigger from 74 million
to 150 million 200 nationalities and 146
languages – Russians made up only
40%. Second largest was Ukrainian 25
million people
Russification – Only Russian could be
spoken or read in the Empire (60%
illiteracy rate)- Russian Orthodox
became the religion of the state and
other religions were persecuted especially the Jew who by the Pale
Statement Law could only live in
Poland.
1894 Alexander III died replaced by
Nicholas II (Tsar1894-1917)
1898 Russian Social Democratic
Workers Party created by Marxist
(those who followed Karl Marx and the
Communist Manifesto)
Believed that one day the proletariat
would one day rise up out of class
conscience ad over throw the Govt.
believed it could only occur after a
democratic revolution that overthrew the
Tsar.
Bolsheviks and Lenin
Lenin – Vladimir Ilyich Ulanov
Believed in Marx/Engel theory.
– older brother executed- assassinated
Alexander II part of the Peoples Will
1895-1900 Lenin political prisoner
exiled to Siberia.
1900 went to Switzerland. Wrote his
version What should be Done? Believed
that only a hand full or peasants would
ever be smart enough to join with
intellectuals and over throw the Tsar and
lead a revolution.
Bolshevik Party (Majority –they were
the minority)
Opposing party Mensheviks (minority
but they were the majority)
Russo/Japanese War 1904-1905
Russia expanded East toward the pacific
and the port of Vladivostok – expanded
into China and wanted to control the
Korean Peninsula – lead to competition
with Japan – Japan invaded China and
won giving it control of Taiwan
(Formosa) and the Korean Peninsula.
Tsar Nicholas II signed a treaty with
China to build a railroad through
Manchuria and to build a Russian port at
Port Arthur China.
1904 Japan attacked the Russian fleet at
Port Arthur and a second Russian fleet
at the Battle of Tsushima
1905 Japanese Army defeated Russian
Army at Mukden. September U.S.
President T.R. Roosevelt held the treaty
of Portsmouth N.H. ending the war.
Japan acquired Manchuria and influence
over Korea. (Japan became and Empire)
1905 Revolution
July 1904 Nicholas II allowed the
Zemstvos and Dumas to once again
assume their role in Govt. Following the
assassination of the minister of the
interior. Revolutionaries influenced
industrial worker to begin strikes
Jan 1905 100,000 workers marched on
St Petersburg lead by Orthodox Priest
Father Gapon they marched on the
Tsar’s Winter Palace – the Palace guards
shot them down including father Gapon,
women and children – Bloody Sunday
June 1905 sailors on the Imperial
warship Potemkin mutinied in the Black
Sea. (Bulk of the Army fighting the
Japanese at this time)
Sergei Witte – appointed Prime
Minister – wanted to Westernize Russia
and make it a competing European
Power convinced the Tsar to begin
reforms.
Oct 1905 Nicholas II issued October
Manifesto - to create a national
assembly the DUMA elected by
universal male suffrage. Industrial
workers formed soviets to protest this
and became followers of the Bolsheviks.
Dec 1905 Soviets violently took to the
streets and were put done Nicholas II
banned meeting of soviets. Soviet strikes
began all over the Empire as the
Russo/Japanese war ended returning
troops were used to crush them killing
thousands. Orthodox nationalist
organized the Black Hundreds and killed
thousands of Jews. The Tsar allowed it
believing it was easier to blame the Jew
than the Soviet for trying overthrow the
Govt.
April 1906 First Duma (play
democracy) – Bolsheviks, Mensheviks
and Socialists were not included by their
choice. To control the Duma Nicholas
created the State Council controlled by
him. Duma did not like this so Nicholas
dissolved the Duma and fired Witte.
Called for a second Duma election
June 1907 -Appointed Peter Stolypin
as PM. And dissolved the second Duma.
Created Military courts to try civilian
political prisoners and a third Duma was
elected one the Tsar favored.
1911 Stolypin assassinated with the
Tsar’s approval but blamed on the Jew.
The Bolsheviks were growing stronger
and the Tsar was loosing control of
Russia. Verge of WWI and Russian
Revolution.
France – Second Empire- Third
Republic
Dec 2 1851 Napoleon III took the title of
emperor.
1852 rich businessmen replaced blueblooded nobility and had the emperor’s
ear.
1859 Napoleon III created the “liberal
Empire” universal manhood suffrage –
improved banking system- credit system
–built more railways improved
unemployment. 1860 improved trade
with Great Britain and 1864 allowed for
workers to strike.
Authoritarian State – order over
democracy- Napoleon and a hand full of
ministers controlled the Govt. at all
levels. Church controlled education and
became loyal to Napoleon III. Allowed a
more liberal Govt. to form freedom of
the press and the right to strike was
returned
Economic success – French banks
exported more capitol than goods
funding major projects in Russia – Spain
and Italy as well as the Suez Canal
which benefited the British more than
the French.- French banks also built the
French Railroad system unifying the
French economy and the largest
employer in Europe.
Foreign Policy Failure – not his Uncle1859 War with Austria (Italian
Unification) gained Savoy and Nice
1860 acquired Senegal –part of Lebanon
– Indochina and Cochin China
1861 tried to acquire Mexico appointed
Austrian Archduke Maximilian brother
To Emperor Francis Joseph a Emperor
of Mexico – Mexicans and American did
not like this violated Monroe Doctrine.
1866 picked the wrong side in the
Austro/Prussian war
1867 Maximilian executed by Mexicans
1868 Queen Isabella II of Spain
overthrown and Prussia and France
wanted different people of the throne –
Start of Franco/Prussian War.
1870 July war begins – September Paris
falls Napoleon III exiled to Britain
Louis-Adolphe Thiers meets and signs
armistice with Bismarck
Birth of the Third Republic
1871 French National Assembly elected
Thiers becomes leader of provisional
government at Versailles not Paris.
Treaty of Frankfurt gave Alsace and
Loraine to the German Empire. March
Thiers order two cannon controlled by
socialist in Paris returned to the Army –
the socialist shot his generals and a civil
war erupted.
May Paris Commune – formed during
Franco/Prussian war. Wanted social
reform and created a Labor exchange for
the unemployed-ended night baking –
established nurseries for working
mothers- women’s rights – May 21
Their’s army marched into Paris and
ended the uprising executing 25,000
Parisians and exiling thousands more.
1873- Their resigned Marshal
MacMahon was elected president
1874 Walton amendment President
elected by Senate and the Chamber of
Deputies
1875 drafted a republican constitution
1881 exiled Communards allowed to
return
A very shaky republic- Nationalism
became the backbone of politics and the
desire to reacquire Alsace and Loraine
were at the for front.
Challenge to the Republic
General Boulanger – anti Jew anti
republic pro monarchy want to enter
politics French law forbid Army officers
from serving in politics. Wanted to take
back Alsace and Loraine quit the army
and ran in 1889 supported by the right
wing of politics and elected deputy from
Paris- scandal and possible treason had
him commit suicide.
1891 Catholic Church supports the
radical right in French politics against
the rising socialist left.
1881 France had begun to fund the
Panama Canal under the direction of
Lesseps (built Suez earlier) he bribed
French officials to vote for a loan to
build the canal – 1889 the company went
bankrupt half a million investors lost
money. The Bankruptcy was blamed on
the Jews by the League of Patriots an
anti-Semitic league
1891 Catholic Church supports the
radical right in French politics against
the rising socialist left.
1894 Dreyfus Affair
Evidence pointed out that some one in
the French Army was selling secrets to
the Germans about Alsace and Loraine a
piece of paper was found and the
handwriting looked like Jewish Captain
Alfred Dreyfus
– he was arrested tried and sentenced to
Devil’s Island off the coast of South
America without any evidence. –
Military secrets still disappeared to
Germany – General Picquart reopened
the Dreyfus case and found no evidence
– French Army not wanting to admit a
mistake left Dreyfus on Devils Island
and transferred Picquart to Tunisia –
easier to blame a Jew than embarrass the
Army. The Catholic Church and the
Political Right supported this they saw
the Jew and the Freemason as a threat
to France. Emile Zola (author took up
Dreyfus defense and published)
1899 Dreyfus retried found guilty again
and returned to Devils Island – 1899 he
was exonerated by presidential pardon
1906 his rank was restored.
1905 radicals removed Church from
state Georges Clemenceau became
Premier a staunch Nationalist anti
socialist anti union, anti German and
Catholic
1911 Joseph Caillaux became Premier
pro German wanted peaceful solution to
Alsace and Loraine ousted by Socialist.
1912 Nationalist Raymond Poincae
became Premier and then President.
Wanted Alsace and Loraine returned and
supported Russian expansion in the
Balkans. Verge of WW I
Rapid European Industrialization
1870-1914
With Established stable empires
Industrialization entered a second faster
pace in Europe.
One of the great benefits was Leisure
time –Bicycles- sports and movies for
the middle class – but depression in the
1880’s sent thousands of peasant labor to
the United States.
Steel was the new tool of the industrial
world followed by electricity – Wrought
Iron was improved by Henry Bessemer
and forged into Steel Bessemer process.
Medical Advancement
– Anesthesia discovered in
America
– Pasteurization Discovered in
France Louis Pasteur
– X-Ray Discovered in Germany
Wilhelm Rontgen
– Cure for Tuberculosis discovered
Germany Robert Koch
These lead the way for advancement
in sewage systems and the study of
Bacteria
Electrical Advancements
- Electromagnetic generator
(Germany Werner von Siemens)
- Incandescent lamp (America
Thomas Edison)
- Electric Power Station (England)
- Singer sewing machine (
America Isaac Singer – brought
Jews to Paris as sweatshop
workers)
- Refrigerators (American Jacob
Linden improved on by Germany
Carl von Linden)
- Vacuum cleaners (American Ives
McGaffey)
Chemical Advancements
- Manufactured dyes
- Synthetic materials
- Soaps
- Fertilizer
- Explosives
Cartels formed throughout Europe Big
business protecting itself
1890 German and the U.S passed
Britain in metallurgical productionGermany Chemical industry became the
largest in and most advanced in Europe.
(benefit of being late in industrialization)
German universities promoted industry
and were supported by the Govt.
German education was not for Catholics
or Jews or Socialists.
Great Britain lead he worlds economy
and trade but other European Nations
began to produce what they once bought
from Britain.
Russia was all agriculture as it tried to
westernize industry grew in St
Petersburg- size matters coal deposits
were far from industrial cities
Transportation Advancements
- Underground
railway/subway/metro
- 1885 Carl Benz first automobile
- 1897 Rudolph Diesel kerosene
engine for trucks
- 1900 Michelin Company began
making rubber car tires –lobbied
for st4reet signs and created the
first travel brochure
- 1900 Germany Count Ferdinand
Zeppelin creates the Zeppelin
- 1903 Henry and Orville Wright
Fly the first plane then toured
Europe with it (Prussia saw
military use for it)
- 1903 Henry Ford assembly line
Model T
- Louis Renault Fords European
Competitor
- Auto industry spawned more
industry- aluminum-Rubber-oilchemistry all to make cars
- Travel industry born – hotels geta-ways- resorts – maps and
paved roads Photography became
a past time with the Kodak
camera
Communication Advancements
1876 America Alexander Graham Bell
telephone and Thomas Edison made the
Gramophone – by 1900Germany had
made 700 million phone calls per year
1890 Guglielmo Marconi the radio
1895 Motion pictures Thomas Edison
(Austrian saw a military use for it)
Scientific Advancements
-Radioactivity Marie Curie (Two
Noble Prizes but could not attend
university in France because she was a
woman)
Ernest Rutherford two types of
radiation alpha and beta rays
Max Planck Quantum theory
Albert Einstein E=MC2
Population growth
1871-1911 in Millions
Empire
1871
1911
%increase
Germany
41.1
6409
57.8
AustroHun 35.8
49.5
38.3
France
36.1
39.6
9.7
Britain
31.8
45.4
42.8
Italy
26.8
34.7
29.5
Spain
16.0
19.2
20.0
One in Four people on Earth was a
European. Death rates were lower so
were birth rates abortion was at 25% of
pregnancies. Outlawed in every Empire
Working conditions improved –
sanitation improved –meat packing
industry improved – medicine improved
– food production improved
Europe faced economic turmoil and
revolutions both forced immigration to
America an d the European population
declined some 1871-1910
Emigration to the United States
Empire
1871- 1881- 1891- 19011880 1890
1900 1910
718,000
1,500,000
505,000
341,000
Germany
437,000
656,000
388,000
339,000
Ireland
548,000
807,000
272,000
526,000
Britain
243,000
635,000
372,000
505,000
Scand.
56,000
307,000
652,000
2,000,000
Italy
Aus/Hun 73,000 363,000 574,000 2,145,000
39,000
213,000
505,000
1,597,000
Russia
1871-1914 1.5 million Jews fled
Polish/Russia to the United States tens of
thousand more fled to Western Europe
Britain and France. Theodor Herzl
founded the Zionist movement in
Vienna to establish a Jewish
State/Homeland
Work –Factories and firms displaced
many workers with assembly lines and
technology– the age of the university
trained professional – women entered
the work force for half pay last hired
first fired unmarried women were
usually house servants or prostitutes in a
brothel or bar- England attempted to
curve Contagious Disease – wit the
Contagious Disease Act 1864 by
requiring all prostitutes to have a
medical exam – this violated their rights
and the act was repealed in 1886 and
brothels and prostitution were outlawed.
This caused “red light” districts to grow
in the slums and exposed prostitutes to
violence all of Jack the Ripper’s victims
were prostitutes.
Cities all of Europe expanded and even
tripled in size – for France the streets of
Paris were widened (to end the ability to
build barricades and to facilitate traffic)
populations of cites quadrupled.
The Middle class divided itself - lower
middle class – middle class – upper
middle-class – (anyone not doing
manual labor) without an education the
lower class was trapped in its situation
women had a better chance of marrying
up than men moving up the social latter.
Education
1890’s Literacy throughout Europe was
on a rapid rise faster in the West than the
East –
England Education Act- mandatory
school for children starting in 1870 –by
1891 it was free to all children age 5 –12
– Truancy for the lower class became a
crime.
France Ferry Laws -children age 3-13
secular – obligatory and free education
French became the official language
Italy Italian became the taught language
Germany mandatory schooling in
patriotism, secularism, political
conservatism for both boys and girls –
girls also taught how to manage a home.
Germany also led the way in secondary
education followed by France then
England.
1909 Women could attend university in
Germany Oxford England 1920
Cambridge 1948 U.S. Military
academies 1975 congress authorized.
Religion
Throughout Europe was dramatically
declining – secular schools took Church
education away from the public –
industrialization and nationalism drew
people away from church in 1900 20%
of the population attended church on a
regular basis most waited to baptize
children – saw the church only at death
and more marriages were being held in
courtrooms rather than churches. The
Pope considered several European cities
to be mission destinations on the scale of
Africa.
The Great Awakening saw more women
in church than men and for Catholics the
“Cult of Mary” was born feminize the
faith and women will be faithful
sightings of the Virgin Mary were all
over Europe – and the “Cult of
Miracles” most famous Lourdes,
France. Lourdes made a lot of money on
tourism claim to be a cure all for the
diseased.
Grotto Our Lady of Lourdes
1901 English Cup (Football/soccer)
1903 first Tour de France
Consumer Explosion
Industrial revolution brought leisure time
and spending money – first department
stores were built on a grand scale –
targeted women to buy for the home
made everything cheaper to buy –Author
Emile Zola the department store became
the “Modern Cathedral”
Au Bon Marche - France
Sports
Industrial Europe brought about leisure
time for most workers and middleclass.
1894 first automobile race
1896 A French Noble helped created the
First modern Olympics in Athens (feared
French men were becoming wimps)
Route 1903 Tour de France
Rugby and Football (soccer) were major
team sports in England than Europe.
For young men national clubs were
formed –Wandervogel in Germany
taught young men to be outdoors
Robert Baden Powell started the Boy
Scouts in Britain in 1908
Revolution and Rapid Industrialization
changed the way Europeans lived and
thought. Nationalism became central to
education and lifestyle technology
brought nations together and sports gave
way to competition between cities and
states as well as nations – the Modern
world was born in 1900 – the
advancements social, politically,
technologically, diplomatically, and
economically would lead to the mass
building of Empires and WW I.