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Animal Taxonomy What is an animal? _______________________________________________ Heterotrophic by __________________________ No cell __________________ Highly ___________________ cells into tissues, organs, organ systems ____________________ conduction and _____________________ _______________________ reproduction typical Eumetazoa (true animals) Divided into 2 groups based on ________________________ and _______________________________________________ Radiata exhibit ___________________ symmetry Have top/bottom but no ____________________________ Develop ______ germ layers Phylum Cnidaria, Phylum Ctenophores only Bilateria exhibit _____________________ symmetry Have top/bottom, ____________________, ____________________ Develop ________ germ layers Symmetry may _________________in different stages of life Body cavities Evolution of body cavities led to more ________________ animals ___________________________—animal in which _____ body cavity develops; area between digestive tract and body walls are _____________ with cells; Phylum Platyhelminthes _____________________________—has a _________________ filled area separating digestive tract from body wall; not completely lined with _______________________; Phylum Nematoda Coelomates Have a ____________ filled cavity completely lined with ____________________ ________________________ connect the layers and suspend the internal organs Split into ____ groups based on developmental patterns in cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of blastopore ____________________ (molluscs, annelids, arthropods) ____________________ (echinoderms, chordates) Invertebrates Phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Echinodermata and Arthropoda Phylum Porifera Sponges lack true ______________________________ Have 2 layers of cells Filter feeders using_________________, flagellated collar cells which create a water current Most sponges are _________________________ Cnidarians Jellyfish (medusa), corals, hydras, anemones (polyps) _______________ symmetrical, have a ________________________ cavity and a ____________________ Have __________ layers of cells Middle layer called __________________________ Carnivores that use tentacles armed with _________________________ to capture prey Platyhelminthes Flatworms have a _________________________cavity and are __________________________________ Planarians have light-sensitive ____________________ and centralized ______________________, found in all types of moist habitats Tapeworms and flukes are ________________________that have a complex life cycle involving 2 or more hosts Annelids, Molluscs and Arthropods are ________________________ Have spiral, determinate _____________________________ Mesoderm splits to form the ____________________ Mouth forms from the _____________________________ Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell Phylum Mollusca includes snails, slugs, oysters, octopuses and squids All molluscs have a similar body plan with three main parts: _________________________________________________________ Have a ___________________________digestive tract ______________________circulatory system Have a _____________________system to bring water in and out of their bodies and gills for gas exchange ___________________________ help excrete nitrogenous wastes Cephalopods have large brains, eyes and are highly intelligent Polyplacophora (chitons) oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of ___________________________________plates Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Most have a single, spiraled shell, and exhibit_________________________, which causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head Bivalvia (clams, oysters) have ________________________ Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses) beak-like______________________ surrounded by _________________ of their modified foot Annelids are _____________________________worms earthworms, polychaetes, leeches Annelids have bodies composed of a series of fused rings each with _____________________and ________________________muscles which contract against fluid in the coelom so they can move ______________________________________ Annelid characteristics Gas exchange is through their _______________ ____________circulatory system with multiple _________________ _______________________excrete nitrogenous wastes through the skin Have cerebral ____________________and a _____________nerve cord Have a true _______________________ Have a _____________________digestive system with many parts Nematodes are non-segmented ______________________________ Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals The cylindrical bodies of nematodes are covered by a tough coat called a ____________________ Arthropods Have __________________________segmentation Different segments are specialized for different functions Jointed appendages Each is modified for: ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Cephalization Many _____________________structures are found at the anterior end Organ systems _________________________digestive system ________________circulatory system with ______________________ Excretory organs are ___________________________tubules, empty nitrogenous waste into _________________________tract Gas exchange through ___________________________________that open to the outside Pair of _____________________nerve cords with several segmental ganglia; ____________________________are fused into a dorsal brain Gas exchange structures Feathery __________________ in aquatic species _____________________ systems in insects _____________________________ in spiders Exoskeleton of __________________________________ Thin and flexible at joints, thick and hard at others Provides: _________________________________________________ Has to be shed for animal to ______________ ____________________ circulatory system Hemolymph leaves the heart and passes into ______________ which surround ______________________________________ and reenters the heart through pores with ____________________ Classes Chelicerates spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites; named for their feeding appendages, the _______________________________ Hexapoda, insects, has ______________ species than all other forms of life combined; have several complex organ systems; many undergo ________________________________ during their lives Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea, typically have _________________ appendages that are extensively specialized for _____________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________ are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp Echinoderms and chordates are ____________________________ Radial, determinate __________________________ Development of the coelom from ________________ of the archenteron Formation of the anus from the ______________________________ Echinoderms A thin, bumpy or _________________ covers an endoskeleton of hard plates Have a ____________________, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange Chordates and subphylum Vertebrata: Classes: Urochordata, Cephalocordata, Myxini, Cephalospidomorphi, Chondrichthys, Osteicthies, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia Four key characters of chordates: _________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Some species have some of these traits only during _________________________development Notochord The notochord is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the _____________ ________________________________________________________ It provides ______________________ support throughout most of the length of a chordate; most _________________ develop a jointed skeleton Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ________________________________that rolls into a tube dorsal to the ________________________ The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: _________________________________________ Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts develop into _______________________ that open to the outside of the body Functions of pharyngeal slits: ________________________ structures in many invertebrate chordates _____________________________________ in aquatic vertebrates Develop into parts of the _____________________________________ in terrestrial vertebrates Muscular, Post-Anal Tail Chordates have a tail posterior to the anus In many species, the tail is ____________during embryonic development; if not it can often be used for _____________________ Urochordates and cephalochordates Although invertebrates, are more closely related to vertebrates Tunicates and lancelets: ___________________________________ Jawless fish Hagfishes are jawless marine craniates that have a ____________ and axial rod of ______________________ along their back Secrete massive quantities of ______________from glands in their skin Scavengers Derived Characters of Vertebrates Vertebrates have the following derived characters: _______________________ enclosing a spinal cord An elaborate ______________________ _______________________, in aquatic forms Cephalaspidomorphi Lampreys They are __________________ aquatic vertebrate with have __________________________________ segments around the notochord and part of the nerve cord ______________________of fish Chondrichthys Sharks, Rays, skates Members of class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton composed primarily of ________________ Osteichthies Have a _________ endoskeleton Fishes control their ______________________ with an air sac known as a __________________________________ Fishes breathe by drawing water over _______________ in chambers covered by a bony flap called the _________________________ Have ________________________ flow of water and blood in their gills Have a ___ chambered heart Marine fish excrete ____________ from their gills and make a small amount of __________________ Freshwater fish excrete large amounts of _____________________to maintain osmoregulation _______________________ allows them to feel vibrations in the water Derived Characters of Tetrapods Tetrapods have some specific adaptations: _______________ limbs and __________________ with digits ___________________ for detecting airborne sounds Amphibians: Frogs, salamanders, caecilians Most amphibians have ___________________ skin that complements the ____________________ in gas exchange Amphibian means “two lives,” referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult; need ________________ for reproduction Have a ____ chambered heart Derived Characters of Amniotes Amniotes produce the _________________________, which contains membranes that protect the ____________________ The extraembryonic membranes have various functions Have relatively impermeable ________________ and can use the muscles of the rib cage to _______________ the lungs Reptiles Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs Reptiles have ___________________ They lay _________________________ on land Most are _______________________________ Have a _____ chambered heart Birds Birds are ____________________________, but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has been modified for adaptation to __________ A bird’s most obvious adaptations for flight are its _________________ and ____________________________ Bones are light-weight and _______________ Have a ____ chambered heart and ____________________flow of oxygen through their lungs Sea birds excrete salt through salt glands in their ________________ Mammals are amniotes that have ________________________________ Mammary glands, which produce milk, are a distinctively mammalian character Hair is another mammalian characteristic Mammals generally have a ______________brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size Have a __________ chambered heart Monotremes Monotremes are a small group of ______________________mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus Marsupials Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas A marsupial is born very ________________ in its development It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a ___________________ Eutherians (Placental Mammals) Compared with marsupials, eutherians have a longer period of ____________________________ Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a _______________, joined to the mother by the __________________ Derived Characters of Primates Most primates have hands and feet adapted for ___________________ Other derived characters of primates: A large _____________ and short _______________ _________________________________ eyes close together on the face, providing __________________________ Well-developed ________________ care and complex _______________ behavior A fully opposable ____________________ Living Primates There are ________________ main groups of living primates: Lemurs, lorises, and pottos Tarsiers Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)