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Sociocultural level of analysis Introduction At the third level of analysis, the biological and cognitive systems that make up the individual are embedded in an even larger system of interrelationships with other individuals. At its beginning, psychology largely confined itself to the study of the individual acting alone. As the discipline matured, a few psychologists recognized that human behavior could be fully understood only if the social context in which behavior occurred was also taken into account. This recognition led to many investigations of social influence, that is, how the presence and behavior of one or a few people affect the behavior and attitudes of another individual. It also provided a broader context for exploring topics such as aggression and helping behavior that had largely been regarded as individual personality traits. Although there has long been an exchange between the sciences of psychology and anthropology, the study of culture has largely been the province of anthropology. Recently, as many societies have become more multicultural, the need to understand the effect of culture on a person’s behavior has risen to a new prominence. Social psychologists saw the need not only to achieve an understanding of the role of culture in human behavior, but also to devise means for alleviating problems that arise from misunderstandings when individuals from different cultures come into contact with each other. In what appeared to be a contrary movement, as social psychologists turned their attention to exploring the power of culture, other investigators were focusing attention on the biological bases of human social behavior: the role played by genes. These investigators explained important social behaviors as special adaptations to becoming social organisms acquired throughout the course of human evolution. As social psychologists continue to integrate the biological and cultural contributions to social behavior. Learning outcomes Foundation of the Socio Cultural Level of Analysis 4.1 4.2 Outline principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis Summarize the contributions and misuses of the Socio Cultural Level of Analysis Thinking in the Social Context (Sociocultural Cognition 4.3 Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior. Discuss two errors in attributions Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior. Social Norms 4.4 Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies. Discuss the use of compliance techniques Evaluate research on conformity to group norms. Discuss factors influencing conformity Cultural Norms 4.5 Define the terms culture and cultural norms Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior Emic and Etic Concepts 4.6 Using one or more examples, explain “emic” and “etic” concepts Unique Methodology of this Perspective 4.7 Explain how principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis may be demonstrated in research (that is, theories and/or studies). Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the sociocultural level of analysis Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis Research Journals Bandura 2 Paragraphs: summarize social learning theory, summarize Bandura’s research on social learning theory Sherif 1954/1961) 2 paragraphs summarize in-group conflict and cooperation, summarize research Asch (1955) Page 295 summarize Asch’s theory of conformity La Piere (1934) Page 287 summarize the development of stereotypes Milgram (1963) Page 308 summarize obedience Zimbardo 2 paragraphs summarize conformity to social norms, summarize Prison Experiment Triandis (1988) Page 217 summarize individualism and collectivism & in-group behavior In-Class Essay Topics ICE #1 (4.1-4.4) 1. Discuss the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior and evaluate the factors associated with errors in attribution. 2. Evaluate social identity theory. 3. Evaluate the formation of stereotypes and their effect and behavior. 4. Discuss the use of two compliance techniques 5. Discuss factors that impact conformity ICE #2 (4.5-4.7) 1. 2. 3. 4. Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior Evaluate the use of particular research methods in the Sociocultural level of analysis Evaluate the use of emic and etic concepts in psychology research. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis