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Present simple
Present continuous
From
Affirmative
I
Play
He/she/it
Plays
We/you/they Play
Form
Affirmative
I
He/she/it
We/you/they
Am
Is
Are
Playing
Negative
I
Do
He/she/it
Does
We/you/they Do
Negative
I
He/she/it
We/you/they
Am
Is
Are
Not playing
Questions
Am
Is
Are
I
He/she/it
Playing?
We/you/they
Questions
Do
Does
Do
Not play
I
He/she/it
Play?
We/you/they
Contractions
Do not > don’t
Does not > doesn’t
Uses
1 To talk about a habit or something
that happens regularly (a routine).
How often do you play football?
He watches TV every evening.
2 To talk about a fact, a state, or
something which is always true.
She doesn’t like coffee.
Coffee contains caffeine.
3 To talk about a future, timetabled
event.
The train leaves at 9.00 tomorrow
morning.
Contractions
I am (not)
I’m (not)
He is/she is/ it is He’s/ she’s/ it’s
He’s not OR he isn’t/
He is not/ she is
she’s not OR she isn’t/
not/ it is not
it’s not OR it isn’t
We are/ you are/
We’re/ you’re/ they’re
they are
We are not/ you
are not/ they are
not
We’re not OR we aren’t/
you’re not OR you
aren’t/ they’re not OR
they aren’t
Spelling variations
1 If a verb ends in –e:
Come > coming
2 If a verb ends in one vowel +
one consonant:
begin > beginning
Uses
1 To talk about an action happening
now, at the moment of speaking.
It’s raining.
2 To talk about an action happening
about now, but not necessarily at the
time of speaking.
She’s learning to play the guitar.
3 To talk about a future plan.
I’m going out this evening.
Past simple
Past continuous
Form
Affirmative
I/ he/ she/ it
We/ you/ they
Form
Affirmative
I/ he/ she/ it
We/ you/ they
Negative
I/ he/ she/ it
We/ you/ they
Listened
Did not listen
Questions
I/ he/ she/ it
Did
We/ you/ they
Listen?
Contraction
Did not
Didn’t
Spelling variations
1 If a verb ends in one vowel + one
Consonant:
Plan > planned
Stop > stopped
Travel > travelled
2 If a verb ends in consonant + -y :
Carry > carried
Marry > married
(Only regular verbs)
Uses
We use the past simple to talk about a
finished action in the past.
They left at 10.30.
She went home and had lunch.
Was
Were
Negative
I/ he/ she/ it Was
We/ you/
Were
they
Questions
Was
I/ he/she/ it
Were We/ you/ they
Listening
Not listening
Listening?
Contractions
Was not
Wasn’t
Were not
Weren’t
Uses
1
2
An action which was in progress at a
particular time in the past.
I was having breakfast at 7.30
To describe an interrupted action
in the past. The longer (interrupted)
action is in the past continuous, the
shorter action is in the past simple.
We were watching the news when
you rang.
Present perfect simple
Form
Affirmative
I
Have
He/ she/ it
Has
We/ you/ they Have
Negative
I
Have
He/ she/ it
Has
Changed
Not
changed
Present perfect continuous
Form
Affirmative
I
Have
He/ she/ it
Has Been waiting
We/ you/ they Have
Negative
I
Have
He/ she/ it
Has
Not been
waiting
We/ you/ they Have
We/ you/ they Have
Questions
Have
I
Has
He/ she/ it
Have
We/ you/ they
Questions
Have I
Has He/ she/ it
Been waiting?
Have We/ you/ they
Contractions
Have not
Has not
Uses
1
2
3
Changed?
Haven’t
Hasn’t
To talk about experiences in life,
but not about exactly when they
happened.
Have you ever been to France?
I’ve never seen Elton John play
live.
To talk about a situation that
started in the past and continues
in the present.
I’ve lived in Madrid all my life.
Have you had this bicycle for a
long time?
I’ve had this CD since
Christmas.
To talk about something that
happened in the past and that
has a result in the present.
“Where’s Pete?” – “He’s gone
to town”. (= He isn’t here now.)
Uses
1 When a recently finished (or unfinished)
action has a result in the present.
It smells in here! Have you been cooking?
You look very tired. Have you
been working hard?
“You’re wet!” – “Yes, it’s been raining.”
2 To talk about an action that started in the
past and that has continued up to the
present. We often use for and since to
talk about how long the action has been
continuing.
I’ve been reading this book for three
weeks.
It’s been raining non-stop since last
night.
I’ve been waiting at the bus-stop for an
hour!
Verbs not used in continuous tenses
Some verbs are not normally used in the present
continuous, present perfect continuous, or past
continuous tenses:
Verbs of thinking: believe, forget, know,
remember, understand
Verbs of liking and disliking: hate, like, love,
prefer
Verbs of being and possession: be, own
Future: going to
Future: will
Form
Affirmative
I
Am
He/ she/ it
Is
We/ you/ they Are
Going to come
Form
Affirmative and negative
I/ he/ she/ it
Will
We/ you/ they Will not
Not going to
come
Questions
He/ she/ it
Will
Come?
You/ they
We do not ask questions about the future
using will + I/ we.
Negative
I
Am
He/ she/ it
Is
Come
We/ you/ they Are
Questions
Am I
Is
He/ she/ it
Are We/ you/ they
Contractions
Will
Will not
Going to come?
Uses
We uses going to talk about something
we plan/ intend to do.
I’m going to visit my friends.
Future: may/ might
Form
Affirmative and negative
I/ he/ she/ it
May/ may not
We/ you/ they Might/ might not
Uses
1
2
3
I’ll
Won’t
Come
We use may/ might to talk about
future possibility and to make
predictions about things which
are uncertain.
The sky’s grey. It might rain.
They may come, but they aren’t
sure.
We do not normally ask
questions about the future using
may/ might.
May and might have a similar
meaning.
Uses
1 To make predictions about the future.
I think Spain will win the European
Cup.
Don’t worry – I think it’ll be fine.
2 To talk about things that are certain
to happen.
I’ll be 17 next January.
Sarah won’t be at the party – she’s
very ill.
Will/ shall for offers
Form
Affirmative
I/ we
´ll
Help
Questions
Shall
I/ we
Help?
We do not form negative offers with will/
shall.
Uses
1 We use will for making offers in the
affirmative.
We’ll help you with your homework.
2 We use shall for offers that are
questions.
Shall I buy you a newspaper?
(Not Will I buy you a newspaper?)
Past perfect simple
Reported speech
Form
Affirmative
I/ he/she/ it
Had
We/ you/ they
Direct speech
Gone
Negative
I/ he/ she/ it
Had
We/ you/ they
Not gone
Reported speech
He said that he
“I like chocolate”
liked chocolate
She said that she
“I’m going out”
was going out
He said that he had
“I slept until 11.00”
slept until 11.00
1
Questions
I/ he/ she/ it
Had
We/ you/ they
Contractions
Had
Had not
Uses
1
2
Gone?
´d
Hadn’t
We use the past perfect simple to
talk about an action that
happened before another action
in the past.
When I arrived at the party,
William had left. (= First,
William left; then I arrived.)
Pete didn’t come to the
restaurant with us because he’d
already eaten. (= First, Pete ate;
then we went to the restaurant
without Pete.)
We use the past perfect simple
with for and since to say how
long an action continued up to a
point in the past.
Mick and Karen had been
married for three months when
they moved to Oxford. (= They
were married for three months;
then they moved to Oxford.)
I met James last week. I hadn’t
spoken to him since Christmas.
(= First, I spoke to James at
Christmas; them I met him again
last week.)
If the reporting verb is in the past
(said, answered, etc.), we move
the verb in the reported statement
back a tense into the past.
Present simple
Present continuous
Past simple
Present perfect
simple
Will/ won’t
Can/ can’t
2
3
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect simple
Past perfect simple
Would/ wouldn’t
Could/ couldn’t
Pronouns (I, me, you, him, etc.)
and possessive adjectives (my,
your, his, etc.) also change.
Ben said, “I don’t like milk.”
Ben said that he
didn’t like milk.
We can use other reporting verbs
instead of say. They include:
agree, answer complain, explain,
promise, reply, tell
Reported speech: say and tell
1
With say, we do not mention who we are
speaking to.
He said that he was hungry.
2 With tell, it is necessary to mention who we
are speaking to.
He told his mum that he was hungry.
3 It is not necessary to use that after say and
tell, it is optional.
Paul said (that) he was thirsty.
Kate told me (that) she was ill.
If I were you, I’d go to the doctor.
(This is an unreal situation; I am not
you.)
First conditional
Form
If + present simple, will + infinitive
If you drop it, it’ll break.
OR
Will + infinitive + if + present simple
It’ll break if you drop it.
1
2
the if clause can come before or
after the main clause; the
meaning is the same.
If it rains, we won’t play. OR
We won’t play if it rains.
we do not use a future tense in
the if clause.
(NOT If you will drop it, it’ll
break.)
Uses
We use the first conditional to talk
about the result of something that may
happen.
You’ll get wet if it rains.
David will be happy if he wins the race.
Second conditional
Form
If + past simple, would + infinitive
If I had $100, I’d buy a new jacket.
OR
Would + infinitive + if + past simple
I’d buy a new jacket if I had $100.
1
2
the if clause can come before or
after the would clause; the
meaning is the same.
After if, we sometimes use were
(instead of was) with I and he/
she/ it.
If I were you, I’d phone her.
If he were here, he’d dance.
Uses
We use the second conditional to talk
about situations that:
1 are unreal.
2
3
are improbable.
If Paul won the lottery, he’d go on an
expensive holiday. (This is improbable;
Paul probably won’t win the lottery.)
are hypothetical.
If I were on holiday, I’d play tennis. (This
is hypothetical; I sometimes play tennis
when I am on holiday, but I am not on
holiday now.)
Third conditional
Form
If + past perfect, would have + past participle
If he had stayed at school, he wouldn’t have
become a millionaire.
OR
Would have + past participle + if + past
perfect
He wouldn’t have become a millionaire if he had
stayed at school.
The if clause can come before or after the main
clause; the meaning is the same.
Contractions
We contract both had and would to ‘d.
If I’d had enough money, I’d have bought a
Porsche. (= If I had had enough money, I would
have bought a Porsche.)
Uses
We use the third conditional to describe:
1 something that did not happen in the past.
If I’d gone to university, I would have
bought a computer. (= This didn’t happen.
The speaker didn’t go to university and
didn’t buy a computer.)
2 the possible result of an unreal situation.
If I’d had enough money, I’d have lent
some to you. (= This is an unreal situation.
The speaker didn’t have enough money
and so couldn’t lend any.)
Infinitive with to
Form
Verb + infinitive with to
1 we use the infinitive with to
after certain verbs, including:
afford, be able, decide, forget,
help, learn, manage, promise,
refuse, want
I promise to pay you back.
I want to come with you.
2 note the negative form of the
infinitive:
He decided not to go. (NOT He
decided to not go.)
The –ing form
Form
Verb/ preposition + -ing
We use the –ing form:
1 after certain verbs, including:
avoid, enjoy, fancy, finish, hate,
keep, like, love, mind, suggest
He avoids eating beef.
2 after prepositions.
He left without paying.
Before answering, I want more
information.
Infinitive with to and the –ing
form
1
2
we use the infinitive with to
after the following verbs:
agree, appear, arrange, ask,
attempt, choose, demand,
deserve, expect, hope, intend,
need, offer, plan, pretend, seem,
threaten, wish, would like,
would love, would hate, would
prefer
You deserve to be told the truth.
I’d like to go now.
we use the –ing form after the
following verbs:
admit, be used to, can’t help,
can’t stand, consider, deny,
dislike, don’t mind, imagine,
look forward to, miss, practise,
regret
She can’t stand seeing him!
I don’t mind helping you.
Prepositions + -ing
When a verb comes after a preposition, the
verb ends in –ing.
She smiled before saying goodbye.
James was very tired after cycling up the
hill.
Passive
Form
Present simple it is/ they are repaired
Past simple
it was/ they were
repaired
Present perfect it has been/ they have
been repaired
Future simple it will be/ they will
be repaired
We form the passive with the correct tense
of the verb be (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ has
been, etc.) + past participle.
Uses
1
2
2
3
4
5
Passive: present perfect simple
Form
Has been/ have been + past participle
The environment has been seriously damaged.
Most of the animals have been killed.
we use the passive when it is not
known, or when it is not important,
who/ what does the action.
The bridge has been destroyed.
A lot of people were killed.
we sometimes use by to identify
who does the action.
They were rescued by firefighters.
Expressions of quantity
1
6
“How many people lost their homes?” –
“Not many.”
we do not normally use much and any in
affirmative sentences.
The flood did o lot of damage. (NOT The
flood did much damage.)
we normally use some in affirmative
sentences and any in negative
sentences and questions.
They’re having some problems.
“Have they got any money?” – “No,
they haven’t got any.”
we only use many and a few with
countable nouns.
“How many floods are there every
year in the north of the country?” –
“There are only a few every year.”
we only use much and a little with
uncountable nouns.
“How much rain fell last
night?” – “Only a little.”
we use a lot of with both countable and
uncountable nouns.
A lot of houses were burnt down.
There’s been a lot of rain.
we normally use much and any in
questions and negative sentences.
“How much smoke was there?” –
“Oh, there wasn’t much.”
Uses
We often use the passive in the present perfect
simple to report news.
Survivors of the earthquake have been taken to
hospital.
Adverbs of frequency
Non-defining relative clauses
Never
Hardly ever
Sometimes
Often
Usually
Always
1
1
2
3
we use adverbs of frequency with
the present simple to say how
often we do something.
We use adverbs of frequency
after the verb be and after
auxiliary verbs (e.g. have, will),
but before all other verbs.
I’m always at home on Sunday
afternoons.
Jim never cleans his shoes.
I’ve always lived here.
the adverbs never, hardly ever,
and always do not normally
come at the beginning of a
sentence.
He always goes out on Saturday
nights. (NOT Always he goes out
on Saturday nights.)
2
3
4
we can join two short sentences form
one longer sentence. We use relative
pronouns (who, which, where, when,
whose) to do this.
This is my sister, Fiona. Fiona is 28.
>This is my sister, Fiona, who is 28.
a clause is part of sentence; a relative
clause is the part of a sentence which
tells us who or what is being talked
about.
A non-defining relative clause gives us
extra information about the person or
thing in the main clause (the rest of the
sentence).
Last week I went to Oxford, which is
100 Km from London.
The non-defining relative clause, which
is 100 KM from London, gives us extra
information about Oxford.
a non- defining relative clause is always
separated from the rest of the sentence
by commas.
Tom, who lives next door to us, is my
best friend.
We visited Stratford, where
Shakespeare was born.
For and since
We use for and since to talk about how
long an action has continued up to the
present.
1 we use for to talk about a period
of time.
I’ve lived here for a week/ for
two months/ for a long time, etc.
2 we use since to talk about a
moment or a point in time.
I’ve known her since 1997/ since
last month/ since Christmas/
since I last saw you, etc.
The relative pronoun which
1
2
the relative pronoun which often refers
to a noun.
I picked up my keys, which were lying
on the table. (Which refers to the Keys.)
the relative pronoun which can also
refer to the whole of the main clause.
It rained every day in Malaga, which
surprised us. (Which refers to it rained
every day in Malaga.)
I lost my wallet, which meant I couldn’t
buy the CD. (Which refers to I lost my
wallet.)
Comparatives and superlatives
(not) as … as
Form
1
Comparatives Superlatives
Short adjectives
kind
kinder
The kindest
big
bigger
The biggest
large
larger
The largest
Adjectives that and in -y
noisy
noisier
The noisiest
pretty
prettier
The prettiest
Long adjectives
More
The most
interesting
interesting
interesting
The most
beautiful More beautiful
beautiful
Irregular adjectives
good
better
The best
bad
worse
The worst
far
further
The furthest
1
2
3
Uses
1
2
with short adjectives that end in
one vowel + one consonant, we
double the final consonant to
form the comparative and
superlative adjectives.
Hot > hotter > the hottest
we use than after comparative
adjectives.
Juan’s heavier than María.
we use the before superlative
adjectives.
Juan’s the heaviest in the class.
we use comparative adjectives to
compare two people, places or
things.
London’s bigger than Paris.
English is more interesting than
Maths.
we use superlatives adjectives to
compare three or more people,
places or things.
Who’s the most intelligent
student in the class?
Mount Everest is the highest
mountain in the world.
2
we use as + adjective + as to say
that two things are the same in
some way.
That tree is as tall as the house.
(Both are 15 metres tall.)
we use not as + adjective + as to
say that one thing is not the same in
some way as another thing.
Cassettes aren’t as good as CDs.
(CDs are better than cassettes.)
Should
Form
Affirmative
Subject + should + infinitive without to
You should listen to your parents. (NOT You
should to listen to your parents.)
We do not add –s in the third person singular.
He should come home early. (NOT He
should come home early.)
Negative
Subject + should not + infinitive without to
You shouldn’t eat so much.
Questions
Should + subject + infinitive without to
Should I stay should I go?
Contraction
Should not > shouldn’t
Uses
We use should to:
1 give advice.
You should stop smoking.
2 say that something is a good or bad
idea.
Children shouldn’t play with guns.
Have to
Form
Affirmative
Subject + have/ has to + infinitive
I have to get up early. She has to go
school.
Negative
Subject + do/ does not + have to +
infinitive
We don’t have to do any homework this
weekend.
Questions
Do/ does + subject + have to +
infinitive
Does he have to be home before 11.30?
Contractions
Do not have to > don’t have to
Did not have to > didn’t have to
Uses
We use have to to talk about:
1 obligation or duty.
Young men have to do military
service.
Juan has to help his mum with
the cooking.
2 past necessity.
We missed the us, so we had to
walk home.
We didn’t have to pay. (NOT We
hadn’t to pay.)
Like and as
We use like and as to say that two things
are similar.
1 we use like before a noun or a
pronoun (e.g. him, my, yours).
That tree looks like a person’s
hand.
2 we use as before a clause with a
verb in it.
As you know, the exam is very
difficult.
3
we often use like to give examples.
I always eat fruit, like melons, for
breakfast.