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W.W. II 1940 - 1945 The 1940 Election Republican front runners are: Robert ________ of Ohio (son of the ex-president.) Thomas E. _________ of NY. The Nomination goes to: Ex-Democrat _____________________ of Indiana. Liberal Wilkie was called the “rich-man’s Roosevelt” Roosevelt Shatters the Precedent FDR declares that although he yearns for retirement - the crisis in Europe requires his service. Wilkie agrees with FDR’s policies and so is not a major alternative. FDR’s pledge to the Mothers Roosevelt makes a speech in which he declares: “your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” He had also pledged to balance the budget. Roosevelt Wins Another Landslide The Electoral count was 449 to 82 Not as great as in ‘32 and ‘36, but Congress still remains Democratic. FDR’s real opponent was _____________________. The Lend-Lease Law FDR decided to _____________________ American equipment to Britain. He likened it to giving a neighbor your garden hose to put out a fire. Isolationist Robert ________ likened it to chewing gum you don’t want it back. Congress agrees with FDR’s pledge to make America the “___________ __________.” America makes an economic declaration of war - eventually totaling $_____________________. Hitler gets the message: May 21, 1941 - a German submarine torpedoes the Robin Moor a US merchant ship. Hitler breaks the _____________________ -_____________________ Pact Hitler’s need for oil and quest for ____________________ leads to a full scale invasion of the USSR. On June 22, 1941 Hitler launches Operation _____________________ - the crushing of Russia. FDR sends aid to the Soviets. FDR sought to preserve Russia to fight Germany. We began a lend-lease program that would eventually top $11 billion. Hitler’s forces were stopped at the gates of _____________________. The Atlantic Conference FDR and Winston Churchill meet on a destroyer off _____________________, New Foundland. They announce the eight-point _____________________. The Atlantic Charter Called for Self-Determination, an end to Imperialism Disarmament and the creation of system of general security: (The ____________ ______________ ) FDR decides to Convoy. The president used his powers as Commander-in-Chief to order navy ships to convoy merchant ships as far as _____________________. Hitler orders his ships to strike in “self-defense” The Shootin’ Commences Sept. 1941 - The USS _____________________ is fired on - FDR orders to “shoot on sight” Oct. 17, 1941 - The _____________________ lost 11 men. The Reuben James Oct 30, 1941 - The _____________________ - was sunk - 100 Americans dead. Congress votes to end the _____________________ Acts - merchants could arm and enter war zones. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor 1940 - US sets embargoes on Japan 1941 - Japanese assets in US are frozen - all gasoline shipments end. Japan sets its sights on Southeast Asian _____________________. Nov - Dec 1941 -- US and Japan negotiate a solution to the pending crisis. The State Department insists that Japan quit China. Pearl Harbor Bombed. US cracks Japanese secret code and knows an attack is imminent. FDR believes the attack will be on the _____________________. December 7, 1941 - “a day that will live in infamy” - Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Sunday morning 7:55 a.m. Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor 19 US ships (6 battleships) and 150 planes are destroyed, 2403 US dead Japanese envoys are delayed delivering message of war to White House and come after word has reached Washington of the attack 12/8 - FDR appears before joint session of Congress, declares December 7 "a day that will live in infamy" - Congress votes to _____________________ on Japan. The U.S. enters the War 12/10 - Japanese forces invade the Philippines. 12/11 - Germany and Italy declare war on US 12/15 - Congress passes Third Supplemental Defense Approprtiations Act - $10,000,000,000 12/17 - Admiral Charles _____________________ given command of Pacific Fleet - Admiral Husband Kimmel (commander at Pearl Harbor) is relieved of duty. 12/19 - Office of Censorship is established 12/20 - FDR signs _____________________ Act 12/22 - Churchill comes to Washington to confer with FDR Japanese continue aggression 12/23 - Wake Island falls to Japanese 12/25 - Hong Kong falls to the Japanese 1942 In his State of the Union address FDR calls for $52,000,000 for war. Alien registration begins - focuses on Japanese - plans begin for internment _____________________ - Latin American nations agree to break ties with Axis - Chile and Argentina wait. Home Front Office of Civil Defense established Emergency Price Control Act goes into effect - Office of ____________________________________(OPA) to set prices. US clocks set ahead I hour for Daylight Savings Time - stay throughout the war. Japanese _____________________ begins in western states - 100,000 Nisei lose property and forced into camps. _____________________ Board stops all non-essential production WAACS created- Women's Auxilary Army Corps. War Labor Board gives cost of living increase to steel workers - called "_____________________ " US opens ALCAN highway to connect Alaska to contiguous states. Gasoline rationing begins -- WPA closes; CCC is already finished by war. Fighting in the Pacific. Battle of the _____________________ - allied naval forces virtually wiped out. General _____________________ forced to flee Philippines - vows “I shall return!” - assumes command of Allies in Austrialia. April - _____________________ Death March - 75,000 Filipino and Americans surrender in Philippines -marched 100 miles to concentration camp thousands die. . April - 16 US bombers under Maj. General _____________________ bomb Tokyo - survivors land in China May - Battle of the _____________________ - first major carrier battle - US inflict heavy losses on Japan June - Battle of _____________________ - Pacific naval battle - Japanese lose naval superiority major turning point. Japanese take Kiska and Attu islands in the Aleutians US forces land on _____________________ - first battle in grueling "_____________________ " plan to reach Japanese Islands. US Navy forces Japan to abandon plans to support its forces on Guadalcanal Naval Battle of _____________________ - US defeats major Japanese fleet European Strategy German U-Boats drop German saboteurs on Atlantic coast - rounded up they are executed. Office of_____________________ is established - for propaganda Office of _______________ _________________ (OSS) is created - headed by William “Wild Bill” Donovan (becomes CIA after war) Churchill meets FDR in Washington to plan invasion of North Africa June - _____________________ becomes commander of allied forces July - allied bombing of Germany begins A. Averell _____________________ represents US in Moscow to negotiate coordination with Stalin August - US begins full-scale bombing of German forces in France August - German assault of _____________________ begins U-Boat devastation reaches a peak in September October - British forces under _____________________ defeat Germany's "Desert Fox," Marshal Irwin _____________________ . November - allied forces land in Morocco and Algeria End of Battle of Stalingrad begins with major German defeat and surrender. Major turning point in the war. 1943 Home Front Shoe rationing begins - 3 pairs per person per year Point Rationing System begins for food. April - FDR freezes wages and prices to halt inflation May - John L. Lewis calls for soft _____________________ strike - FDR orders mines to be siezed, strike called Office of War Mobilization is created to coordinate war efforts June - Withholding of income for taxes begins _____________________ labor riots in Detroit - put down by federal troops _____________________ Labor Dispute Act - require unions to give 30 day notice before strike in war plants and outlaws strikes in government-operated plants Federal Government seizes the railroads when strikes are threatened. European Theater US forces defeated by Rommel's Afrika Korps at _____________________ Pass. General George _____________________ takes command. German forces in N. Africa defeated in Tunisia- 250,000 surrender Uprising in Warsaw Jewish Ghetto ends - Jews are sent to concentration camps - ghetto is leveled July - German forces begin last ditch offensive in Russia - called the Kurst Salient - it fails as the last initiative in the east. Allies begin invasion of _____________________ - General George Patton leads US troops. Leaflets dropped over Italy asking Italians to surrender US bombers selectively bomb Rome - _____________________ is forced to abdicate Allies take Messina, Sicily September - Italy agrees to surrender, German calls Italy a _____________________ begins to treat it as an enemy Invasion of the Peninsula begins. Germans forced to abandon Salerno - battle continues by inches up the peninsula October - Naples is captured by US General Mark Clark - Germans destroy the city as they retreat. December - Eisenhower becomes supreme commander of Allied Forces Pacific Theater February - Marines take _____________________ - major step in the war. March - Battle of the Bismarck Sea off New Guinea - US defeats Japan - major blow against Japan holding New Guinea. In bloody fighting the US Marines take Tarawa and Makin Islands in the Gilberts Diplomacy _____________________ Conference - Roosevelt meets with Churchill - calls for _____________________ surrender of Germany. US, USSR, Britain and China meet in Moscow to discuss treatment of Axis Powers after the war. November - Congress passes the Conally Resolution calling for a international peace organization _____________________ Conference - Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kaishek meet - call for unconditional surrender by Japan - Japan must give up all gained territories. _____________________ Conference - FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet - agree to timing of coordinated invasions. Congress repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act 1944 European Theater Eisenhower arrives in London to take command and begins planning invasion of "Festung Europa " Allies land at Anzio, Italy meet stiff and bloody German resistance - invasion bogs down February - German forces in Italy create a defensive line, “The Gustav Line" at _____________________ - hold it with full force -allies reluctant to destroy medieval monastery. 'Big Week" bombing raids over Germany March - US bombers begin bombing raids over Berlin - 10% loss of planes May - Monte Cassino falls after bombing reduces it to rubble - Gustav Line collapses. Allied forces break out of Anzio beachhead begin to move on Rome. June - Allies enter Rome June 6, 1944 -_____________________ - Operation Overlord begins with invasion of _____________________ - 4600 ships, 10,000 planes and 176,000 troops in largest invasion in history. Breaking of German codes and use of misinformation leads to lack of German coordination in defense. June 10th - Allied beaches link up and forces begin march on Berlin. Germany launches first V- 1 rocket on London Allies capture French port of Cherbourg, Germans destroy port facilities July - General Patton leads "break out" thrust against Germans Plot to assassinate Hitler by bomb fails - military plotters are executed - Hitler over the edge. Invasion of Southern France begins Paris falls after German general refuses Hitler's orders to resist at all costs. September - first V-2 rockets fall on London US forces enter Germany December - Germany launches a counter-offensive in the Ardennes Forest in Belgium, called the "Battle of the _____________________ " after the bulge created when center of allied advance retreats. US 101st Airborne Division is surrounded by German force at ___________________ - when told to surrender, US General Anthony McAuliffe replies "__________!" - siege is relieved by Patton's 3rd Army. Pacific Theater US forces take the Marshall Islands in the Pacific. US forces capture Saipan Island - bombing of Japan begins Battle of Philippine Sea - Japan defeated at heavy costs to US naval forces August - Island of Guam retaken in heavy fighting October - MacArthur lands in Philippines - fulfilling his promise Battle of the _____________________ - Japanese risk major naval force to halt US invasion of Philippines - suffer a major defeat - Japanese reduced to suicidal "_____________________ " attacks on US ships. Home Front Government returns railroads FDR signs _____________________ of Rights Republicans nominate Thomas ______________, governor of New York for president Democrats nominate FDR for fourth term, running mate is Harry _____________________ of Missouri November - FDR wins fourth term as president - campaigning has left him weak and ill. Diplomacy US refuses to recognize government of Argentina - it has not declared war on Germany US passes United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Act Conference at _____________________ creates the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. General de Gaulle comes to Washington to discuss Free French resistance and post war France . Conference at _____________________ - USA, GB, USSR and China meet to discuss formation of international organization for peace. Second Quebec Conference (Octagon Conference) - FDR and Churchill meet to discuss fate of Japan and Germany after war. 1945 European Theater 1000 US planes begin bombing of Berlin March - US forces capture last remaining bridge on the Rhine at Remagen and begin full scale invasion of Germany US and Russian troops begin liberating Nazi concentration camps - discover remains of Nazi's "Final Solution" = genocide of 6,000,000 Jews. April 30 - Hitler commits suicide in his private bunker. May 7 - Germany Surrenders - _____________________ is declared. Pacific Theater In the Philippines - MacArthur lands on the island of Luzon - sets out for Manila US Marines capture the island of _____________________ - raise US flag on Mt. Suribachi - 4000 US dead. April 1 - June 21 - Battle for _____________________ - US marines lose 80,000 (12,000 dead) men in capturing the island - Japanese suicide charges and cave retreats led to 160,000 Japanese dead. Diplomacy January 1945 -- _____________________ Conference - FDR, Churchill and Stalin - discuss plans for post-war world and agree to United Nations meeting in San Francisco February 19 - March 16. The End of the War April 12 - FDR dies in Warm Springs, Georgia of a massive cerebral hemorrhage - Truman takes office - promise to maintain FDR's program for the war. April 25 - _____________________ meets in San Francisco - US and Soviet Troops link up in Germany at Elbe River July 5 - Philippines are recaptured Berlin is divided among _____________________(US, USSR, GB and France) July 16 - the _____________________ Project (top secret program to develop an A-bomb) is successful as atomic bomb is detonated at Alamogordo, New Mexico. Los Alamos research plant in NM has two bombs. July 17 - Truman meets with Churchill and Stalin at _____________________, Germany - tries to establish ground rules for post-war world -Truman warns Stalin we have the bomb - Cold War begins? Potsdam Declaration with China - calls for unconditional surrender of Japan. August 6, 1945 - US drops Atomic Bomb on _____________________, Japan - 180,000 dead- 70,000 missing Russia enters war against Japan August 9 - A-bomb dropped on _____________________. August 14 - Armistice in Asia August 17 - US and USSR divide Korea at 38th parallel .September 2, 1945 - Japanese surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.