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W.W. II
1940 - 1945
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The 1940 Election
Republican front runners are:
 Robert ________ of Ohio (son of the ex-president.)
 Thomas E. _________ of NY.
 The Nomination goes to: Ex-Democrat _____________________ of Indiana.
 Liberal Wilkie was called the “rich-man’s Roosevelt”
 Roosevelt Shatters the Precedent
 FDR declares that although he yearns for retirement - the crisis in Europe requires his service.
 Wilkie agrees with FDR’s policies and so is not a major alternative.
 FDR’s pledge to the Mothers
 Roosevelt makes a speech in which he declares:
 “your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.”
 He had also pledged to balance the budget.
 Roosevelt Wins Another Landslide
 The Electoral count was 449 to 82
 Not as great as in ‘32 and ‘36, but Congress still remains Democratic.
 FDR’s real opponent was _____________________.
 The Lend-Lease Law
 FDR decided to _____________________ American equipment to Britain.
 He likened it to giving a neighbor your garden hose to put out a fire.
 Isolationist Robert ________ likened it to chewing gum  you don’t want it back.
 Congress agrees with FDR’s pledge to make America the “___________ __________.”
 America makes an economic declaration of war - eventually totaling $_____________________.
 Hitler gets the message:
 May 21, 1941 - a German submarine torpedoes the Robin Moor a US merchant ship.
 Hitler breaks the _____________________ -_____________________ Pact
 Hitler’s need for oil and quest for ____________________ leads to a full scale invasion of the USSR.
 On June 22, 1941 Hitler launches Operation _____________________ - the crushing of Russia.
 FDR sends aid to the Soviets.
 FDR sought to preserve Russia to fight Germany.
 We began a lend-lease program that would eventually top $11 billion.
 Hitler’s forces were stopped at the gates of _____________________.
 The Atlantic Conference
 FDR and Winston Churchill meet on a destroyer off _____________________, New Foundland.
 They announce the eight-point _____________________.
 The Atlantic Charter
 Called for Self-Determination, an end to Imperialism
 Disarmament and the creation of system of general security: (The ____________ ______________ )
 FDR decides to Convoy.
 The president used his powers as Commander-in-Chief to order navy ships to convoy merchant ships
as far as _____________________.
 Hitler orders his ships to strike in “self-defense”
 The Shootin’ Commences
 Sept. 1941 - The USS _____________________ is fired on - FDR orders to “shoot on sight”
 Oct. 17, 1941 - The _____________________ lost 11 men.
 The Reuben James
 Oct 30, 1941 - The _____________________ - was sunk - 100 Americans dead.
 Congress votes to end the _____________________ Acts - merchants could arm and enter war zones.
 The Bombing of Pearl Harbor
 1940 - US sets embargoes on Japan
 1941 - Japanese assets in US are frozen - all gasoline shipments end.
 Japan sets its sights on Southeast Asian _____________________.
 Nov - Dec 1941 -- US and Japan negotiate a solution to the pending crisis.
 The State Department insists that Japan quit China.
 Pearl Harbor Bombed.
 US cracks Japanese secret code and knows an attack is imminent.
 FDR believes the attack will be on the _____________________.
 December 7, 1941 - “a day that will live in infamy” - Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
 Sunday morning 7:55 a.m. Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor
 19 US ships (6 battleships) and 150 planes are destroyed, 2403 US dead
 Japanese envoys are delayed delivering message of war to White House and come after word has
reached Washington of the attack
 12/8 - FDR appears before joint session of Congress, declares December 7 "a day that will live in
infamy" - Congress votes to _____________________ on Japan.
 The U.S. enters the War
 12/10 - Japanese forces invade the Philippines.
 12/11 - Germany and Italy declare war on US
 12/15 - Congress passes Third Supplemental Defense Approprtiations Act - $10,000,000,000
 12/17 - Admiral Charles _____________________ given command of Pacific Fleet - Admiral
Husband Kimmel (commander at Pearl Harbor) is relieved of duty.
 12/19 - Office of Censorship is established
 12/20 - FDR signs _____________________ Act  12/22 - Churchill comes to Washington to confer with FDR
 Japanese continue aggression
 12/23 - Wake Island falls to Japanese
 12/25 - Hong Kong falls to the Japanese
 1942
 In his State of the Union address FDR calls for $52,000,000 for war.
 Alien registration begins - focuses on Japanese - plans begin for internment
 _____________________ - Latin American nations agree to break ties with Axis - Chile and
Argentina wait.
 Home Front
 Office of Civil Defense established Emergency Price Control Act goes into effect - Office of
____________________________________(OPA) to set prices.
 US clocks set ahead I hour for Daylight Savings Time - stay throughout the war.
 Japanese _____________________ begins in western states - 100,000 Nisei lose property and forced
into camps.
 _____________________ Board stops all non-essential production
 WAACS created- Women's Auxilary Army Corps.
 War Labor Board gives cost of living increase to steel workers - called "_____________________ "
 US opens ALCAN highway to connect Alaska to contiguous states.
 Gasoline rationing begins -- WPA closes; CCC is already finished by war.
 Fighting in the Pacific.
 Battle of the _____________________ - allied naval forces virtually wiped out.
 General _____________________ forced to flee Philippines - vows “I shall return!” - assumes
command of Allies in Austrialia.
 April - _____________________ Death March - 75,000 Filipino and Americans surrender in
Philippines -marched 100 miles to concentration camp thousands die. .
 April - 16 US bombers under Maj. General _____________________ bomb Tokyo - survivors land in
China
 May - Battle of the _____________________ - first major carrier battle - US inflict heavy losses on
Japan
 June - Battle of _____________________ - Pacific naval battle - Japanese lose naval superiority major turning point.
 Japanese take Kiska and Attu islands in the Aleutians
 US forces land on _____________________ - first battle in grueling "_____________________ "
plan to reach Japanese Islands.
 US Navy forces Japan to abandon plans to support its forces on Guadalcanal
 Naval Battle of _____________________ - US defeats major Japanese fleet
 European Strategy
 German U-Boats drop German saboteurs on Atlantic coast - rounded up they are executed.
 Office of_____________________ is established - for propaganda
 Office of _______________ _________________ (OSS) is created - headed by William “Wild
Bill” Donovan (becomes CIA after war)
 Churchill meets FDR in Washington to plan invasion of North Africa
 June - _____________________ becomes commander of allied forces
 July - allied bombing of Germany begins
 A. Averell _____________________ represents US in Moscow to negotiate coordination with Stalin
 August - US begins full-scale bombing of German forces in France
 August - German assault of _____________________ begins
 U-Boat devastation reaches a peak in September
 October - British forces under _____________________ defeat Germany's "Desert Fox," Marshal
Irwin _____________________ .
 November - allied forces land in Morocco and Algeria
 End of Battle of Stalingrad begins with major German defeat and surrender. Major turning point in
the war.
1943
 Home Front
 Shoe rationing begins - 3 pairs per person per year
 Point Rationing System begins for food.
 April - FDR freezes wages and prices to halt inflation
 May - John L. Lewis calls for soft _____________________ strike - FDR orders mines to be siezed,
strike called
 Office of War Mobilization is created to coordinate war efforts
 June - Withholding of income for taxes begins
 _____________________ labor riots in Detroit - put down by federal troops
 _____________________ Labor Dispute Act - require unions to give 30 day notice before strike in
war plants and outlaws strikes in government-operated plants
 Federal Government seizes the railroads when strikes are threatened.
 European Theater
 US forces defeated by Rommel's Afrika Korps at _____________________ Pass.
 General George _____________________ takes command.
 German forces in N. Africa defeated in Tunisia- 250,000 surrender
 Uprising in Warsaw Jewish Ghetto ends - Jews are sent to concentration camps - ghetto is leveled
 July - German forces begin last ditch offensive in Russia - called the Kurst Salient - it fails as the last
initiative in the east.
 Allies begin invasion of _____________________ - General George Patton leads US troops.
 Leaflets dropped over Italy asking Italians to surrender
 US bombers selectively bomb Rome - _____________________ is forced to abdicate
 Allies take Messina, Sicily
 September - Italy agrees to surrender, German calls Italy a _____________________ begins to treat it
as an enemy
 Invasion of the Peninsula begins.
 Germans forced to abandon Salerno - battle continues by inches up the peninsula
 October - Naples is captured by US General Mark Clark - Germans destroy the city as they retreat.
 December - Eisenhower becomes supreme commander of Allied Forces
 Pacific Theater
 February - Marines take _____________________ - major step in the war.
 March - Battle of the Bismarck Sea off New Guinea - US defeats Japan - major blow against Japan
holding New Guinea.
 In bloody fighting the US Marines take Tarawa and Makin Islands in the Gilberts
 Diplomacy
 _____________________ Conference - Roosevelt meets with Churchill - calls for
_____________________ surrender of Germany.
 US, USSR, Britain and China meet in Moscow to discuss treatment of Axis Powers after the war.
 November - Congress passes the Conally Resolution calling for a international peace organization
 _____________________ Conference - Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kaishek meet - call for
unconditional surrender by Japan - Japan must give up all gained territories.
 _____________________ Conference - FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet - agree to timing of
coordinated invasions.
 Congress repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act
 1944
 European Theater
 Eisenhower arrives in London to take command and begins planning invasion of "Festung Europa "
 Allies land at Anzio, Italy meet stiff and bloody German resistance - invasion bogs down
 February - German forces in Italy create a defensive line, “The Gustav Line" at
_____________________ - hold it with full force -allies reluctant to destroy medieval monastery.
 'Big Week" bombing raids over Germany
 March - US bombers begin bombing raids over Berlin - 10% loss of planes
 May - Monte Cassino falls after bombing reduces it to rubble - Gustav Line collapses.
 Allied forces break out of Anzio beachhead begin to move on Rome.
 June - Allies enter Rome
 June 6, 1944 -_____________________ - Operation Overlord begins with invasion of
_____________________ - 4600 ships, 10,000 planes and 176,000 troops in largest invasion in history.
 Breaking of German codes and use of misinformation leads to lack of German coordination in
defense.
 June 10th - Allied beaches link up and forces begin march on Berlin.
 Germany launches first V- 1 rocket on London
 Allies capture French port of Cherbourg, Germans destroy port facilities
 July - General Patton leads "break out" thrust against Germans
 Plot to assassinate Hitler by bomb fails - military plotters are executed - Hitler over the edge.
 Invasion of Southern France begins
 Paris falls after German general refuses Hitler's orders to resist at all costs.
 September - first V-2 rockets fall on London
 US forces enter Germany
 December - Germany launches a counter-offensive in the Ardennes Forest in Belgium, called the
"Battle of the _____________________ " after the bulge created when center of allied advance retreats.
 US 101st Airborne Division is surrounded by German force at ___________________ - when told to
surrender, US General Anthony McAuliffe replies "__________!" - siege is relieved by Patton's 3rd
Army.
 Pacific Theater
 US forces take the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.
 US forces capture Saipan Island - bombing of Japan begins
 Battle of Philippine Sea - Japan defeated at heavy costs to US naval forces
 August - Island of Guam retaken in heavy fighting
 October - MacArthur lands in Philippines - fulfilling his promise
 Battle of the _____________________ - Japanese risk major naval force to halt US invasion of
Philippines - suffer a major defeat - Japanese reduced to suicidal "_____________________ " attacks on
US ships.
 Home Front
 Government returns railroads
 FDR signs _____________________ of Rights
 Republicans nominate Thomas ______________, governor of New York for president
 Democrats nominate FDR for fourth term, running mate is Harry _____________________ of
Missouri
 November - FDR wins fourth term as president - campaigning has left him weak and ill.
 Diplomacy
 US refuses to recognize government of Argentina - it has not declared war on Germany
 US passes United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Act
 Conference at _____________________ creates the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
 General de Gaulle comes to Washington to discuss Free French resistance and post war France .
 Conference at _____________________ - USA, GB, USSR and China meet to discuss formation of
international organization for peace.
 Second Quebec Conference (Octagon Conference) - FDR and Churchill meet to discuss fate of Japan
and Germany after war.
 1945
 European Theater
 1000 US planes begin bombing of Berlin
 March - US forces capture last remaining bridge on the Rhine at Remagen and begin full scale
invasion of Germany
 US and Russian troops begin liberating Nazi concentration camps - discover remains of Nazi's "Final
Solution" = genocide of 6,000,000 Jews.
 April 30 - Hitler commits suicide in his private bunker.
 May 7 - Germany Surrenders - _____________________ is declared.
 Pacific Theater
 In the Philippines - MacArthur lands on the island of Luzon - sets out for Manila
 US Marines capture the island of _____________________ - raise US flag on Mt. Suribachi - 4000
US dead.
 April 1 - June 21 - Battle for _____________________ - US marines lose 80,000 (12,000 dead) men
in capturing the island - Japanese suicide charges and cave retreats led to 160,000 Japanese dead.
 Diplomacy
 January 1945 -- _____________________ Conference - FDR, Churchill and Stalin - discuss plans for
post-war world and agree to United Nations meeting in San Francisco February 19 - March 16.
 The End of the War
 April 12 - FDR dies in Warm Springs, Georgia of a massive cerebral hemorrhage - Truman takes
office - promise to maintain FDR's program for the war.
 April 25 - _____________________ meets in San Francisco - US and Soviet Troops link up in
Germany at Elbe River
 July 5 - Philippines are recaptured
 Berlin is divided among _____________________(US, USSR, GB and France)
 July 16 - the _____________________ Project (top secret program to develop an A-bomb) is
successful as atomic bomb is detonated at Alamogordo, New Mexico. Los Alamos research plant in
NM has two bombs.
 July 17 - Truman meets with Churchill and Stalin at _____________________, Germany - tries to
establish ground rules for post-war world -Truman warns Stalin we have the bomb - Cold War begins?
 Potsdam Declaration with China - calls for unconditional surrender of Japan.
 August 6, 1945 - US drops Atomic Bomb on _____________________, Japan - 180,000 dead- 70,000
missing
 Russia enters war against Japan
 August 9 - A-bomb dropped on _____________________.
 August 14 - Armistice in Asia
 August 17 - US and USSR divide Korea at 38th parallel .September 2, 1945 - Japanese surrender
aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.