Download Chapter 44-45 Maintaining Homeostatsis

Chapter Objectives: Chapter 44-45 Maintaining Homeostatsis
1. Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers
2. Discuss the problems that marine organisms, freshwater organisms, and
terrestrial organisms face in maintaining homeostasis and explain what
osmoregulatory adaptations serve as solutions to these problems
3. Explain the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation
4. Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridia) excretory system functions
5. Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of annelids functions and
describe any structural advances over a protonephridial system
6. Explain how the Malpighian tubule excretory system contributed to the
success of insects in the terrestrial environment
7. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the
mammalian excretory system
8. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the nephron
9. Describe and show the relationship among the processes of filtration,
secretion, and reabsorption
10. Explain the significance of the fact that juxtamedullary nephrons are only
found in birds and mammals
11. Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney
12. Describe the mechanisms involved in the hormonal regulation of the kidney
13. Describe structural and physiological adaptations in the kidneys of nonmammalian species that allow them to osmoregulate in different
environments
14. Explain the correlation between type of nitrogenous waste produced
(ammonia, urea, or uric acid) by an organism and its habitat
15. Describe the adaptive advantages of endothermy
16. Discuss 4 general categories of physiological and behavioral adjustments
used by land mammals to maintain relatively constant body temperatures
17. Distinguish between the 2 thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus
18. Describe the thermoregulatory adaptations found in non-terrestrial animals
19. Describe several mechanisms of physiological acclimatization to new
temperature ranges
20. Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation
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21. Compare the response times of the 2 major systems of internal
communication (nervous and endocrine systems)
22. Distinguish among types of chemical messengers (structural and functional
differences)
23. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
24. Describe the relationships among endocrine system components:
a. hormones
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b. endocrine glands
c. target cells
d. target cell receptors
List the general chemical classes of hormones and give examples of each
Explain how pheromone function differs from hormone function
Provide indirect evidence that humans may communicate with pheromones
State which of the 2 classes of hormones is lipid soluble and explain how this
property affects hormone function
Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action and explain the location
and role of steroid hormone receptors
Explain how to account for specificity in target cell response to hormonal
signals
Compare and contrast the 2 general modes of hormone action
Describe hormonal regulation of insect development including the roles of
ecdysone, brain hormone, and juvenile hormone
Describe the location of the hypothalamus and explain how its hormonereleasing cells differ from both endocrine gland secretory cells and other
neurons
Describe the location of the pituitary and explain the functions of the
posterior and anterior lobes
List the posterior pituitary hormones and describe their effects on target
organs
Using antidiuretic hormone as an example explain how a hormone contributes
to homeostasis and how negative feedback can control hormone levels
Define tropic hormone and describe the functions of tropic hormones
produced by the anterior pituitary
Explain how the anterior pituitary is controlled
List hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their role in development and
metabolism
Diagram the negative feedback loop which regulates the secretion of thyroid
hormones
State the location of the parathyroid glands and describe hormonal control
of calcium homeostasis
Distinguish between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how
their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate
metabolism
List hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their function, and explain
how their secretion is controlled
List hormones of the adrenal cortex, describe their function, and explain
how their secretion is controlled
Describe short-term and long-term endocrine responses to stress
Identify male and female gonads and list the 3 categories of gonadal
steroids
Define gonadotropin and explain how estrogen and androgen synthesis is
controlled
48. Describe the location of the pineal and thymus glands, list their hormone
products, and describe their functions
49. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems are structurally, chemically,
and functionally related
Chapter Terms:
Chapter 44 Terms
thermoregulation
transport epithelium
nephron
osmoregulation
ammonia
glomerulus
excretion
uric acid
Bowman's capsule
conduction
osmolarity
podocytes
convection
osmoconformer
proximal tubule
radiation
osmoregulator
loop of Henle
evaporation
stenohaline
distal tubule
ectotherm
euryhaline
collecting duct
endotherm
anhydrobiosis
cortical nephrons
vasodilatation
filtration
juxtamedullary nephrons
vasoconstriction
secretion
afferent arteriole
countercurrent exchange
reabsorption
efferent artriole
exchanger
protonephridium
peritubular capillaries
nonshivering
metanephridium
vasa reta
thermogenesis
Malpighian tubules
antidiuretic hormone
brown fat
renal artery
juxtaglomerular apparatus
acclimatization
renal vein
angiotensin II
stress-induced proteins
ureter
aldosterone
heat-shock proteins
urinary bladder
renin
torpor
urethra
renin-angiotensinaldosterone system
hibernation
renal cortex
aestivation
renal medulla
atrial natriuretic factor
Chapter 45 Terms
hormone
growth hormone (GH)
islets of Langerhans
target cells
insulin-like growth factors
alpha cells
endocrine system
prolactin (PRL)
glucagon
endocrine glands
brain hormone (BH)
follicle stimulating hormone beta cells
(FSH)
insulin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
type I diabetes mellitus
thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
type II diabetes mellitus
juvenile hormone (JH)
gonadotropins
nitric oxide
adrenoorticotropic hormone adrenal cortex
(ACTH)
adrenal medulla
melanocyte stimulating
hormone (MSH)
epinephrine
neurosecretory cells
ecdysone
growth factors
prostaglandins
signal-transduction
pathways
adrenal glands
endorphins
norepinephrine
pineal gland
catecholamines
melatonin
corticosteroids
thyroid gland
glucocorticoids
triiodothyronine (T3 )
mineralocorticoids
thyroxine (T4)
androgen
calcitonin
testosterone
tropic hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
anterior pituitary
releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
parathyroid glands
estrogen
posterior pituitary
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
progestins
pancreas
Chapter Outline Framework
A. Regulation of Body Temperature
1. 4 physical processes account for heat loss or gain
2. Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from surroundings and
endotherms derive body heat mainly from metabolism
3. Thermoregulation involves physiological and behavioral adjustments
4. Most animals are ectothermic but endothermy is widespread
5. Torpor conserves energy during environmental extremes
B. Water Balance and Waste Disposal
Water balance and waste disposal depend on transport epithelia
Animal nitrogenous wastes are correlated with phylogeny and habitat
Cells require balance between osmotic gain and loss of water
Osmoregulators expend energy to control their internal osmolarity;
osmoconformers are isoosmotic with their surroundings
Excretory Systems
1. Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate derived
from body fluids
2. Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
3. Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the functional units of
the mammalian kidney
4. From blood filtrate to urine
5. Mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial
adaptation
6. Nervous and hormonal feedback circuits regulate kidney function
7. Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney have evolved
8. Interacting regulatory systems maintain homeostasis
Introduction to Regulatory Systems
1. Endocrine system and nervous system are structurally, chemically,
and functionally related
2. Invertebrate regulatory systems clearly illustrate endocrine and
nervous system interactions
Chemical Signals and their Modes of Action
1. Variety of local regulators affect neighboring target cells
2. Chemical signals bind to specific receptor proteins within target cells
or on their surface
3. Most chemical signals bind to plasma membrane proteins initiating
signal-transduction pathways
4. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and some local regulators enter
target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
Vertebrate Endocrine System
1. Hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the
vertebrate endocrine system
2. Pineal gland is involved in biorhythms
3. Thyroid hormones function in development, bioenergetics, and
homeostasis
4. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin balance blood calcium
5. Endocrine tissues of the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon,
antagonistic hormones that regulate blood glucose
6. Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex help the boy manage stress
7. Gonadal steroids regulate growth, development, reproductive cycles,
and sexual behavior
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