Download Coral Reefs

• Sand crab number
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Hello Dr. Lai,
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You may not remember me from the hundreds upon hundreds of previous students
you have ever had, but I was in your Cluster 3 class only last year. I cannot believe it
has been over a year since COSMOS 2012 first started (and now it is already
COSMOS 2013 and you are all hurrying to finish your projects)!.....
…I hope all is going well during COSMOS 2013 and that you miss Cluster 3 from
2012 because we miss you all!
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Sincerely,
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Alison Wong
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Cluster 3 Living Oceans and Global Climate Change
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COSMOS UCSD 2012 Alumni
Proof of global warming
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Animal rights organizations[edit]
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Animal Aid (UK)
Animal Defense League
Animal Equality
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal Liberation Brigade (ALB)
Animal Liberation Leagues
Animal Liberation Press Office
Animal Rights Fund® (ARF)
Animal Welfare Enforcement Agency (UK)
Anonymous for Animal Rights
Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT)
Compassion Over Killing (COK)
Comunidad Inti Wara Yassi
Equanimal
Friends of Animals (FoA)
Fight For Animals (FFA)
HAYTAP
In Defense of Animals (IDA)
International Primate Protection League (IPPL)
Italian Horse Protection Association (IHP)
Justice Department (animal rights)
Last Chance for Animals (LCA)
Libera!
Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition (MARC)
Mercy For Animals (MFA)
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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
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SHowing Animals Respect and Kindness (SHARK)
Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE)
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS)
Social Workers for Animals (SWA)
Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC)
Stopcrush.org
Western Animal Rights Network (WARN)
Worldwide Events Ending Animal Cruelty (WEEAC)
World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA)
Uncaged Campaigns
• Broadly-focused movements, campaigns
and organizations
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
• Animal Rights Militia (ARM)
• Justice Department (animal rights)
• Lobster Liberation Front (LLF)
• Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC)
• Western Animal Rights Network (WARN)
Coral Reefs and Climate
Change
Coral Reefs
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Occupy <0.25% of world’s oceans
Diverse 4-5% of all earth species : rain forest
Habitat for 25% of all marine species
Paradox: low nutrients but high productivity
Past decades: >35 million acres obliterated
70% will be destroyed in next decades
Coral: polyps, calcium carbonate skeleton
Tropical seas 30 N and S, 20-30 C
Symbiosis: Zooxanthellae
Types of coral reefs
Mushroom and soft Corals
Coral Distribution
Threats
Global Climate Change Threats
• Coral bleaching - caused by elevated sea
surface temperatures
• Rising levels of CO2
• Diseases, Plagues and Invasive species linked to human disturbances in the
environment.
Coral reef bleaching
Bleached
Dynamite
Anchor and tourist damage
Algae overgrowth
Cyanide
Silted reef close to mine discharge
Major Threats
Oil slicks
1932
Coral Reefs Are Dying Around the
World
• 20% of the world's coral reefs have been
effectively destroyed and show no immediate
prospects of recovery
• Approximately 40% of the 16% of the world's
reefs that were seriously damaged in 1998 are
either recovering well or have recovered
• The report predicts that 24% of the world's reefs
are under imminent risk of collapse through
human pressures; and a further 26% are under
a longer term threat of collapse
• Clive Wilkinson, 2004, WWF
Direct Human Pressures
• Over-fishing (and global market pressures) including the use of damaging practices (bomb
and cyanide fishing)
• Sediments - from poor land use, deforestation,
and dredging
• Nutrients and Chemical pollution
• Development of coastal areas - for urban,
industrial, transport and tourism developments,
including reclamation and mining of coral reef
rock and sand beyond sustainable limits.
• Global climate change
Climate Change and the World's
Coral Reefs, Greenpeace, 1999
• If climate change is not stopped, coral bleaching is set to
steadily increase in frequency and intensity all over the
world until it occurs annually by 2030 - 2070.
• This would devastate coral reefs globally to such an
extent that they could be eliminated from most areas of
the world by 2100. Current estimates suggest that reefs
could take hundreds of years to recover. The loss of
these fragile ecosystems would cost billions of dollars in
lost revenue from tourism and fishing industries, as well
as damage to coastal regions that are currently
protected by the coral reefs that line most tropical
coastlines.
The Human Dimension - Governance, Awareness
and Political Will
• Rising poverty, increasing populations,
alienation from the land
• Poor capacity for management and lack of
resources
• Lack of Political Will, and Oceans
Governance
Carbon Dioxide, Coral Reefs, and
Climate Change
• CO2 + H2O > CH2O + O2
– photosynthesis
• CH2O + O2 > CO2 + H2O
– respiration
• 2HCO3- + Ca2+ > CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
– calcification
• CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O > 2HCO3- + Ca2+
– Dissolution of carbonate
Coral reefs create clouds to control the climate
Marine and Freshwater Research (vol 55, p 849),
• When the temperature soars, coral reefs might
cool off by creating their own clouds.
• Corals are packed full of the chemical dimethyl
sulphide, or DMS
• When released into the atmosphere, DMS helps
clouds to form, which could have a large impact
on the local climate.
• "Although globally the emission of DMS from the
Great Barrier Reef is not huge, on a regional
basis it is very significant…"