Download Midterm Review Questions

Midterm Review Questions
Directions: Answer these questions to help review for the midterm. You might see these
questions on the midterm and you might now. That being said, do not rely solely on these
questions!
Scientific Method
1. What is the scientific method? Organized set of steps to solve a problem
2. When enough experimental data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a
_theory__________.
3. A controlled experiment allows the scientists to isolate and test ___1
variable__________.
Organic Macromolecules
1. What are the 4 organic macromolecules and their functions?
a. Proteins – transport, store, hormones
b. Carbs – short term energy
c. Lipids – long term energy, insulation
d. Nucleic acids – store genetic information
2. Which macromolecule is an important part of biological membranes? Lipids
(phospholipids)
3. Which macromolecule is an enzyme? proteins
4. Are enzymes used up or changed in a reaction? no
5. Enzymes _lower_______ the activation energy which accelerates the reaction.
6. Explain the graph above. Which reaction uses an enzyme? Which does not? How
do you know? X has an enzyme, W does not; the activation energy is lower in X
7. Do proteins give you energy? NO
8. Nucleotides make up nucleic acids like monosaccharides make up
_carbohydrates________________.
9. Proteins are composed of what? Amino acids
10. Nucleotides are composed of what? Nucleic acids
11. Nucleic acids are composed of these. Base, phosphate, sugar
12. Carbohydrates are composed of these. monosaccharides
Cells
1. Draw a venn diagram showing the differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Eukaryotes – nucleus, mmb bound organelles; Prokaryotes – no
nucleus, no mmb bound organelles; Both – ribosomes, DNA, cell mmbs
2. Draw a venn diagram showing the differences between animal and plant cells.
Plant – cell wall, chloroplast; Both – cell mmb, organelles, DNA; Animal centrioles
3. Which organelles help provide energy to cells? Mitochondria and chloroplast
4. What cellular components are missing from prokaryotes? Organelles and nucleus
5. Which organelle is responsible for transporting and packaging materials? Golgi
body
6. Which organelle is responsible for breaking down components in the cell?
lysosome
7. Which cell part makes protein using coded instructions that comes from the
nucleus? ribosomes
8. What is osmosis? Diffusion of water
9. What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high to low concentrations
10. What are the three types of osmosis? Explain each and draw a picture. Hypotonic
(water moves in), Hypertonic (water moves out), Isotonic (water moves in and
out)
11. Homeostasis is the process a living thing undergoes to _maintain balance____.
12. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Active requires
energy, passive does not
13. Which type of transport uses a protein but does not require energy? Facilitated
Diffusion
14. Which cell parts are not found in this type of cell shown in the picture? Nucleus
and organelles because it is a prokaryotic cell
Cell Cycle/DNA
1. What is the sequence of events during protein synthesis? What happens first, second,
and third in other words? Transcription (DNA  mRNA) and Translation (mRNA 
protein)
2. Why can’t DNA code for proteins directly in eukaryotic cells? DNA cannot leave the
nucleus
3. In which cell part are amino acids sequenced to produce specific proteins? ribosomes
4. Where in the cell does translation occur?cytoplasm
5. Where in the cell does transcription occur? nucleus
6. Where does replication occur? nucleus
7. When does replication occur? During Interphase (S phase) of the cell cycle
8. What is the structure of DNA? Double helix made of nucleotides
9. What nucleotides are found in DNA? Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
10. What is the structure of RNA? Single stranded, made of nucleotides
11. What are the nucleotides found in RNA? Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
12. What nucleotides pair up in DNA and in RNA? DNA – AT, CG; RNA – AU, CG
13. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids__ in
proteins?
14. Which macromolecule is made by joining nucleotides together? Nucleic acids
15. What are the complementary base pairs for the DNA sequence AATCGGC? TTAGCCG
16. What is the RNA sequence transcribed from the DNA sequence AATCGGC? UUAGCCG
17. Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble _getting nutrients in and waste
out_.
18. What is the cell cycle? Life cycle of a cell; cells go through it in order to divide
19. What happens during interphase? Cell grows, organelles copy, DNA replicates
20. What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle? Interphase and M phase (mitosis or
meiosis)
21. Cells grow in an Petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom
of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open
space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this
experiment show? Cells stop growing when they touch each other, there are controls on
cells; if a cell does not stop growing, it is cancerous
22. What is DNA fingerprinting? A method to figure out how closely related two people are or
if someone committed a crime; everyones DNA fingerprint is different
23. What is a mutation? A change in the DNA sequence
24. What causes mutations? Radiation, errors during replication, mutagens
25. Does cancer cause mutations? NO
26. Why are frameshift mutations so damaging? They change the entire reading frame of the
amino acids so the protein is completely messed up
Genetics
1. Who is the father of genetics? Mendel
2. What is a monohybrid cross? Cross between one trait
3. What is a dihybrid cross? Cross between 2 traits
4. What is incomplete dominance? Cross that results in a blended phenotype
5. What is co-dominance? Cross that results in a new phenotype
6. What is a sex-linked trait? Cross between a trait located on the sex chromosomes
7. What is a pedigree? Diagram that follows a trait between generations
8. What is an allele? Version of a gene that codes for a trait
9. What is a genotype? What is a phenotype? G: version of the alleles P:physical
appearance
10. What are gametes? What process produces them, mitosis or meiosis? Sex cells
(egg and sperm), meiosis
11. In humans, meiosis creates gametes containing _23________ (number of)
chromosomes.
12. What is meiosis? What are the stages? Draw pictures to show the stages and the
change in the number of chromosomes.Meiosis is division of sex cells; PMAT
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
13. Organisms with identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
_homozygous_________________.
14. Mendel’s principles of genetics apply to: (CIRCLE ONE) plants only, animals
only, or all organisms? All organisms
15. Define the following vocabulary without looking in your book or using vocab –
a. Allele
b. Diploid
c. Haploid
See vocabulary for these answers.
d. Homozygous
e. Heterozygous
f. Trait
g. Segregation
h. Gamete
i. Independent assortment
j. Codominance
k. Incomplete dominance
l. Polygenic trait
m. Sex-linked trait
n. Pedigree
o. Purebred
p. Hybrid
Practice Problems
Monohybrid Cross - A male and female flamingo are deciding whether or not to have kids.
The father knows that to be able to balance (B) on one leg, a child must contain the dominant B
allele in its genotype. He also knows that if a b is inherited, the baby flamingo would be
unbalanced (b) on one leg. If both parents are heterozygous, what is the chance that they will
have an “unbalanced” kid?
Genotypic Ratio: _____________________
Phenotypic Ratio: _____________________
Chance: ______
Dihybrid Cross
R = normal runner
r = runs only in circles
B = Black hair
b = brown hair
Cross a heterozygous normal running, heterozygous black mouse with a homozygous normal
running, homozygous black mouse.
a. Genotypes of parents __________ ____________
b. Possible genotypes.
c. Possible phenotypes.
Incomplete Dominance – In Japanese four-o’clocks, the gene for red flower color (R) is
incompletely dominant over the white flower color (W). If a red plant is crossed with a pink
plant, what would be the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio?
a. Genotypic ratio: __________________
b. Phenotypic ratio: _________________
Codominance - In roan horses a pair of codominant alleles, D1 and D2 is known to be involved
in this trait. Horses with the D1D1 genotype are white colored, horses with the D1D2 genotype
are white and black spotted, and horses with the D2D2 genotype are black in color. For each
situation what would be the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio?
a) a white horse and a black horse
b) a black horse and a spotted horse
c) a white horse and a spotted horse
Multiple Alleles - If a man with blood type B (IBi), marries a woman with blood type AB (IAIB),
what is the probability that their first child will have blood type B?
a. What is the probability? ________
Sex-Linked Traits - Hemophilia is a blood disorder that prevents clotting. It is a
recessive, sex-linked trait. If the mother is a completely healthy for the disease and the
father is a hemophiliac, complete the following questions:
a. Mom’s genotype =__________
b. Dad’s genotype =___________
c. Cross them and show their punnett square.
d. What is the probability that the child will NOT have hemophilia? _______
e. What is the probability that a child will be affected? _________
Pedigrees
Determine whether each of these pedigrees are sex-linked or autosomal AND recessive or
dominant.
Autosomal recessive
sex-linked dominant