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1 Study Guide for Health Exam Abstinence: Choosing not to be sexually active 100% effective; choosing not to use alcohol or other drugs Acquaintance Rape: Rape by someone known casually by the victim or someone thought to be a friend. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): A fatal communicable disease caused by HIV, with no known cure; the virus which causes AIDS attacks the T cells, part of the body’s immune system thus weakening it. Addiction: A physiological or psychological dependence on a substance or activity Adolescence: The stage between childhood and adulthood Alcohol: Ethyl alcohol is created after fermentation, a mood altering depressant, dulls the central nervous system, causes vasodilation, heat escapes the body due to vasodilation; can lead to hypothermia, death. Alcoholism: Addiction to alcohol; a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol. Amphetamines: Stimulants that speed up the heart and breathing and cause anxiety, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. Analgesics: Medicines that relieve pain without loss of consciousness Anorexia nervosa: A psychological disorder that involves the irrational fear of becoming obese and results in severe weight loss from self-induced starvation; a distortion in one’s perception of their body image, weight loss greater than 15% of their recommended body weight. Atherosclerosis: A condition in which the artery wall thickens due to fatty deposits that restrict blood flow. Birth Control Pills: Female hormones taken daily to prevent pregnancy, 92-97% effective in preventing pregnancy Blood Alcohol Concentration: The amount of alcohol in a person’s blood expressed by a percentage. Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of blood vessels as blood flows through the cardiovascular system. Brain death: The loss of function of the entire brain, including the brain stem. Bronchi: Bronchial tubes that lead into the lungs Bronchioles: Divisions of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the brain 2 Bruise: An injury to tissue under the skin Bulimia: An eating disorder in which the victim follows a very restrictive diet, then binges in response to hunger, followed by self-induced vomiting, purging through laxative abuse Calorie: A unit to measure the energy in food and the energy one’s body burns, (9 calories from 1 gm of Fat, 4 calories from 1 gm of Sugar or Protein. Cancer: Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. Capillaries: the smallest blood vessels Carbohydrates: Sugars, starches and fiber that are the body’s preferred source of energy Carcinogens: Cancer-causing agents Carcinomas: Cancers that develop in epithelial tissue-tissue that forms the skin and linings of body organs Cardiac arrest: A condition in which the heart stops completely Cardiac muscle: Striated tissue that forms the walls of the heart Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): the life-saving technique that involves breathing for the victim of cardiovascular failure and forcing his or her heart to pump blood by applying pressure on the victim’s sternum Cardiovascular disease: Disease of the heart and blood vessels Carotid pulse: The heartbeat that can be felt on each side of the neck. Cerebellum: The part of the brain that functions as a center for the coordination of skeletal muscle movement. Cerebrum: The largest, most complex part of the brain, consisting of the right and left hemispheres, that controls muscular activity and receives sensory input Cervix: The round, muscular neck, or bottom part, of the uterus Chancre: A reddish sore at the place where a pathogen enters the body. Chancroid: A bacterial infection resulting in chancres, An STD Check, Call, Care: The Emergency Action Sequence followed by the American red Cross to provide care to an unconscious victim Child abuse: Physical harm, including sexual abuse, and/or emotional harm to children 3 Chlamydia: A sexually transmitted disease that attacks the reproductive organs, caused by a bacteria, curable, the most common STD Cholesterol: Fatlike substance Chromosomes: Tiny structures within the nuclei of cells, which carry genetic information. Chronic Bronchitis: A condition in which the bronchi are irritated and become inflamed Cirrhosis: Scarring, a condition of the liver in which scarring reduces blood flow in the liver Clinical death: The cessation of a person’s body functions-heart stops Clinical depression: A condition in which feelings of sadness and hopelessness last for more than a few weeks and interfere with one’s daily activities and interests Cocaine: a stimulant made from the coca plant, very addicting, speeds up the cardiovascular and central nervous system Codependency: Being overly concerned with other people’s behavior and problems and feeling driven to fix and control those problems; behavior is dependent on the dysfunction of another ex: scapegoat, enabler, mascot, lost child, family hero Communicable diseases: Diseases caused by the direct or indirect spread of pathogens (germs) from one person to another Communication: A process through which messages are sent and received; openness among family members, including displays of tenderness, warmth, and humor Compression: applying force to a victim’s sternum to force the heart to circulate blood. The compression to ventilation ratio for Adults, Children and Infants is 30:2 Compromise: A way of solving a problem in which each person gives up something in order to find a solution that satisfies everyone Compulsion: An urgent, repeated behavior Condoms: A sheath made of either latex, animal skin or polyurethane place over an erect penis to prevent pregnancy, 85-87% effective Conflict: Any disagreement, struggle, or fight. Conflict resolution: The process of ending a conflict by cooperating and problem-solving together Congenital: Existing at or dating from birth Congenital syphilis: A condition in which a pregnant female who had syphilis transferred the infection to her unborn child. 4 Cooling down: Gradually decreasing activity after exercise in order to allow one’s pulse rate to slow down Date rape: Rape that occurs between two people who are familiar with one another, better term – acquaintance rape Decision: The act of making a choice or coming to a solution – decision making process involves weighing the pros and cons of every option before deciding to act Defense mechanisms: Strategies used to deal with stressful situations an example would be denial. Dendrites: The part of the neuron that receives and carries impulses toward the cell body DepoProvera: An injection of female sex hormones taken every 3 months to prevent a pregnancy, About 99.1% effective Depressants: Sedatives; drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system, an example is alcohol or barbituates (downers) Designer drugs: Drugs made with synthetic substances by street chemists Detoxification: The process of removing drugs from one’s body Diaphragm: A muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavity Diet: Everything a person eats and drinks Digestion: The physical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller pieces Dopamine: A neurotransmitter produced in the brain which helps us to feel happy/control blood pressure and affect addiction Drug: A dangerous and often illegal substance, including alcohol and tobacco Ecstasy: MDMA- a designer drug consisting of a stimulant and a hallucinogen used in clubs Embryo: A cluster of cells or blastocyst, that has implanted itself in the uterus Enabling: Trying to protect the person having trouble with alcohol or drugs from facing the consequences of his or her drug-related problems Estrogen: A female hormone first released during puberty Fallopian tubes: A pair of tubes through which a mature ovum travels; inside is only the width of two strands of hair FAST – the warning signs of stroke or cerebral vascular accident – Face, Arms, Speech, Time –changes in any of these may indicate an impending stroke 5 Fertilization: The union of an egg cell and a sperm cell that can occur only if sperm cells are present when the ovum is in the Fallopian tube; conception Fetal alcohol syndrome: A condition in which a fetus has been adversely affected by it’s mother’s heavy alcohol use during pregnancy Fetus: An embryo from the eighth week after conception to birth First Aid: Emergency care; the immediate, temporary care given to a person who has become sick or who has been injured Genes: Small sections of chromosomes that control hereditary information for characteristics GHB: An anabolic steroid found to cause a mind altering state when taken in higher doses; a club/date rape drug because it causes the user unable to fight back, one capful is equivalent to 6 cups of alcohol Glucose: a simple sugar formed in the body during digestion Glycogen: The form in which carbohydrates are stored in the body Gonorrhea: A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacteria; is curable Hallucinogens: Psychedelics: drugs that alter mood, thought, and the senses, creating an out of body experience; causes flashbacks. An example is PCP, LSD, Ecstasy, Mushrooms, Peyote, Mescaline Hashish: Dark brown resin collected from the tops of the cannabis plant Health: The state of complete total physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health education: The providing of health information so as to influence people to change attitudes so that they take positive action about their health Heart attack: A common way to refer to a number of disorders that involve the heart and blood vessels, but in general occurs because the heart muscle cells are not getting the oxygen and nutrients they need (myocardial infarction) Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying substance found in red blood cells Hepatitis: A serious inflammation of the liver that is most often caused by viral infection (Hepatitis A, B, C, D) an also be caused by alcohol consumption Heroin: A narcotic made from opium – the milky white substance found in the seed pod of the poppy plant Herpes (simplex type 2 virus: An STD in which a virus causes blisterlike sores, called genital herpes in the genital area) (simplex type I virus usually referred to as a cold sore) Either can occur on the mouth or genitals 6 High blood pressure: Hypertension-the amount of pressure the heart must pump against in order to circulate blood becomes elevated Hormones: Body chemical produced by ductless glands that regulate the activity of different body cells, the cause of physical and emotional changes Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The virus that attacks the body’s immune system and leads to AIDS Implantation: The process by which cells attach to the lining of the uterus Inhalants: Substances with fumes that are sniffed and inhaled to give a hallucinogenic high Insulin: A hormone produced in the pancreas that aids the body in converting glucose into energy to be used by the cells Integumentary system: the system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands Intervention: The act of interrupting the addiction continuum before the alcoholic or addict hits bottom IUD: Intrauterine Device, a T shaped device implanted into the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg, can be plastic or copper. Left in for years, 97-99% effective in preventing pregnancy Ketamine: an anesthetic agent used legally during surgery, used illegally to create a mind altering state; a club drug/date rape drug because it renders the user unable to fight back, amnesiac properties, aka special K Kidneys: Organs that filter blood to remove harmful substances from the substances one’s body can use Leukoplakia: Thickened, white, leathery-appearing spots on the inside of a smokeless tobacco user’s mouth Lipids: Fatty substances that do not dissolve in water Look alike drugs: Drugs made from legal/illegal substances to look like illegal drugs Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that multiplies in lymph nodes and lymph tissue to destroy invading pathogens Lymphomas: Cancers that develop in blood-forming tissues and the lymphatic system LSD: A hallucinogen, causes a distortion in the perception of reality Mainstream smoke: Smoke that a smoker blows off Malignant: Cancerous cell growth 7 Manic-depressive disorder: A condition in which a person’s moods shift dramatically from one emotional extreme to another for no apparent reason Marijuana: A hemp plant that is smoked, eaten, or drunk for intoxicating effects Melanoma: skin cancer Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord resulting in neurological changes and neck rigidity Menopause: The cessation of a female’s menstrual cycle, usually occurs at mid-life Menstrual cycle: The time from the beginning of one menstrual period to the onset of the next Menstruation: The process of shedding the lining of the uterus Metabolism: The sum total of all chemical reactions within a cell Metastasis: The process of cancer cells spreading Methadone: a drug used to treat heroin addiction, acts on same area of the brain to block withdrawal from heroin Methamphetamine: A stimulant that speeds up the cardiovascular and central nervous system aka Crank, crystal ice, ice – very addicting Narcotics: Drugs made from opium (milky substance derived from the seed pod of the poppy plant), medicines used to relieve pain and induce sleep Neurons: Nerve cells that are the functional and structural parts of the nervous system Neutrophils: One type of phagocytes that is most actively involved in the process of phagocytosis Nicotine: The addictive drug in cigarettes that raises blood pressure and increases heart rate, reaches the brain within 8 to 10 seconds from inhaling on a cigarette Non-verbal communication: the act of sending messages through facial expressions and body movements Norplant: Six capsules placed under the skin to prevent a pregnancy, 99.1 % effective, Discontinued Nutrition: The science of looking at how the body uses nutrients and at how and why people eat Nutrient: Something needed by the body for proper function. Water is the most essential nutrient. Also included: Protein, Sugar, Fats – Vitamins and minerals, (electrolytes) are cocatalysts for energy production and are also known as micronutrients 8 Obesity: Excess body fat, 20% over a person’s ideal weight Ovaries: Female sex glands that house the ova and produce females sex hormones Ovulation: The process in which the ovaries release one mature ovum each month Ovum: An egg cell Parasite: Microorganism that uses a living plant or animal as a food supply Passive: Giving up, giving in, or backing down without standing up for one’s own rights and needs Passive-aggressive personality disorder: A condition in which one is often uncooperative with others and displays anger indirectly Passive smoke: Cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke inhaled by nonsmokers Pathogens: Tiny microorganisms that invade the body and attack its cells and tissues, causing many common diseases. Peer mediation: A process in which specially trained students help other students resolve conflicts peacefully Peer Pressure: The control and influence people of the same age or social group have over one another Peers: People one’s own age Penis: The male external reproductive organ composed of spongy tissue that contains many blood vessels Phagocytosis: The process in which certain white blood cells surround and eat up invading bacteria Phobia: An extreme fear that causes a person to limit normal functioning to avoid the fear Physical fitness: The ability to carry out daily tasks easily and have enough reserve energy to respond to unexpected demands Placebo: A substance that has no medicinal value, which is given for its psychological effect Placenta; A blood-rich tissue developed from an outer layer of cells from the embryo and tissue from the mother Plaque: Fatty deposits that can build up along the inner lining of the arteries; on teeth-a sticky, colorless film that acts on sugar to form acids that destroys tooth enamel and irritate gums 9 Platelets: The smallest parts of the blood; crucial to clotting of the blood PMA: A look-alike drug to MDMA, has similar effects but can be deadly in slightly higher doses Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): An opportunistic infection associated with AIDS Poison: Any substance that causes injury, illness, or death when introduced into the body Poison control center: A center that one can call for information about what to do when someone has ingested a poison Post-traumatic stress disorder: A conditon in which a person who has experienced a traumatic event feels severe and long-lasting aftereffects Precaution: A planned, preventive action taken before an event to increase the chances of a safe outcome Pressure-point technique: Method used to stop bleeding by applying pressure to the main artery supplying blood to the affected limb Prevention: The act of practicing healthy habits to keep oneself well and free from disease and other ailments Progesterone: A female hormone first released during puberty Proof: refers to the percentage of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage: 40% alcohol – 80 proof Proteins: A vital part of every body cell Psychoactive drug: Drugs that affect the central nervous system and alter normal functioning of the brain Psychological dependence: The belief that one needs a drug in order to feel good or function normally Psychosomatic: Involving both the body and the mind Puberty: The beginning of adolescence; the period of time when males and females become physically able to reproduce Pubic lice: AKA crabs-a parasite that lives on the hair of the genitals, lays eggs in nits close to hair follicle, size of a sesame seed, pearl gray to brown in color Pulmonary emphysema: A condition in which the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which oxygen is absorbed into the body, are destroyed Rabies: A viral infection of the brain and spinal cord transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal 10 Rape: Sexual intercourse by FORCE OR THREAT, without consent Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Guidelines for the amounts of 19 essential nutrients that most people need daily and for calories and estimated intake for seven other vitamins and minerals. Refusal skills: Techniques and strategies that help one say no effectively. Rescue breathing: The process of providing oxygen for a victim who has stopped breathing Risk Factor: A characteristic that has been shown to increase the chances of getting heart disease. Rohypnol – a sedative hypnotic used in clubs and as a date rape drug, aka roofies Sarcomas: Cancers that develop in connective and supportive tissues, such as bones, muscles, and tendons. Scabies: A parasite considered a sexually transmitted disease, a mite that burrows under the skin to lay eggs Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder in which one exhibits abnormal emotional responses or no emotional responses. A break with reality whereby a person will exhibit psychotic behavior Scrotum: A sac outside the male’s body that contains the testes and protects sperm by regulating the temperature of the testes Secondary sex characteristics: Body hair and the development of breasts in the female and muscles in the male Self-actualization: The continuing process of striving to develop one’s capabilities to their fullest Self-esteem: The confidence and worth one feels about oneself; influences everything you do, think, feel and are. Semen: A mixture of fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands combined with sperm; seminal fluid Serotonin: A neurotransmitter (chemical) in the brain which helps us feel happy Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD): A communicable disease that is spread from person to person through sexual contact Shock: The failure of the cardiovascular system to keep adequate blood circulating to the vital organs of the body. Side stream smoke: Smoke that comes from burning tobacco 11 Smoking: Refers to the habit of inhaling cigarette smoke, 4800 chemicals are in a cigarette, 400 of which are known poisons and 80 of them are known to cause cancer; each day 4000 teens try a cigarette for the first time, 1000 of them will become regular smokers; 1 in 3 will die from smoking; 1 in 5 adults in this country smoke Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles located in such places as intestines and blood vessels Sperm: The male sex cell; contains 23 chromosomes, 400-600 million released with each ejaculation Sprain: An injury to soft tissues surrounding a joint Stereotype: An exaggerated and oversimplified belief about an entire group, such as an ethnic group, a religious group, or a certain sex Stimulant: A drug that increases the action of the central nervous system, the heart, respiratory rates, and blood pressure, and causes the pupils to dilate and appetite to decrease Stress: The body’s and mind’s reactions to everyday demands Stressor: A stimulus that produces a stress response Stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is cut off, and as a result, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot function. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – SIDS- death of an infant under 1 year of age after the child is put to sleep, no known reason, but some children more at risk- children around smoking, born premature and low birth weight Surgical Sterlization: A vasectomy - cutting of the vas deferens or tubal ligation, tying off the fallopian tubes 99.9% effective in preventing pregnancy Synergistic effect: The interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken independently. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted disease that attacks many parts of the body, caused by a bacteria, is curable, can result in several stages of disease. 1st- painless chancre, 2nd – generalized rash, aches, fever, malaise, 3rd- affects the central nervous system. Tar: A thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco burns T cells: Lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow that travel to the thymus gland where they mature, then fight specific pathogens. Teen Pregnancy: Only 1 in 3 will graduate high school, 80% live in poverty with their child, Approximately 750,000 teens will get pregnant, ½ will end in alive birth, the remaining 50% - ½ will miscarry and ½ will have an abortion. Testes: Two small glands that produce sperm; testicles 12 Testosterone: A male hormone that causes the testes to produce sperm and is responsible for phsycial changes during puberty. Tobacco: A plant grown and cultivated in this country – used in cigarettes, pipes, and chewing tobacco; contains the stimulant nicotine Tolerance: A condition in which the body becomes used to the effects of a medicine or drug. Trachea: The windpipe Type I diabetes: Diabetes that usually occurs in people under 15 years of age and that requires daily injections of insulin to sustain life Type II Diabetes: Diabetes that usually occurs in adults over 40 years of age and can often be controlled by diet and exercise. Ulcer: An open sore on the skin or in the mucous glands Umbilical cord: Cord that connects the embryo to the placenta through which nutrients and oxygen from the mother are carried through blood vessels to the embryo and waste products from the embryo are carried to the mother Vagina: A muscular, very elastic tube in the female that is a passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body; the birth canal Veins: The vessels that carry the blood back to the heart Viruses: Small, simple life-like forms Withdrawal: A physical reaction that occurs when a person stops taking a drug or medicine on which he or she is physiologically dependent OR removal of the penis during intercourse Xiphoid process: The lower part of the sternum that projects downward Zygote: A fertilized egg cell Health: A Guide to Wellness, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Fifth Edition,