Download Study Guide for Exam - Centerville Public Schools

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Study Guide for Health Exam Abstinence: Choosing not to be sexually active 100% effective; choosing not to use alcohol or
other drugs
Acquaintance Rape: Rape by someone known casually by the victim or someone thought to
be a friend.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): A fatal communicable disease caused by HIV,
with no known cure; the virus which causes AIDS attacks the T cells, part of the body’s
immune system thus weakening it.
Addiction: A physiological or psychological dependence on a substance or activity
Adolescence: The stage between childhood and adulthood
Alcohol: Ethyl alcohol is created after fermentation, a mood altering depressant, dulls the
central nervous system, causes vasodilation, heat escapes the body due to vasodilation; can
lead to hypothermia, death.
Alcoholism: Addiction to alcohol; a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.
Amphetamines: Stimulants that speed up the heart and breathing and cause anxiety,
sleeplessness, and loss of appetite.
Analgesics: Medicines that relieve pain without loss of consciousness
Anorexia nervosa: A psychological disorder that involves the irrational fear of becoming
obese and results in severe weight loss from self-induced starvation; a distortion in one’s
perception of their body image, weight loss greater than 15% of their recommended body
weight.
Atherosclerosis: A condition in which the artery wall thickens due to fatty deposits that
restrict blood flow.
Birth Control Pills: Female hormones taken daily to prevent pregnancy, 92-97% effective in
preventing pregnancy
Blood Alcohol Concentration: The amount of alcohol in a person’s blood expressed by a
percentage.
Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of blood vessels as blood flows through
the cardiovascular system.
Brain death: The loss of function of the entire brain, including the brain stem.
Bronchi: Bronchial tubes that lead into the lungs
Bronchioles: Divisions of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the brain
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Bruise: An injury to tissue under the skin
Bulimia: An eating disorder in which the victim follows a very restrictive diet, then binges in
response to hunger, followed by self-induced vomiting, purging through laxative abuse
Calorie: A unit to measure the energy in food and the energy one’s body burns, (9 calories
from 1 gm of Fat, 4 calories from 1 gm of Sugar or Protein.
Cancer: Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
Capillaries: the smallest blood vessels
Carbohydrates: Sugars, starches and fiber that are the body’s preferred source of energy
Carcinogens: Cancer-causing agents
Carcinomas: Cancers that develop in epithelial tissue-tissue that forms the skin and linings of
body organs
Cardiac arrest: A condition in which the heart stops completely
Cardiac muscle: Striated tissue that forms the walls of the heart
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): the life-saving technique that involves breathing for the
victim of cardiovascular failure and forcing his or her heart to pump blood by applying
pressure on the victim’s sternum
Cardiovascular disease: Disease of the heart and blood vessels
Carotid pulse: The heartbeat that can be felt on each side of the neck.
Cerebellum: The part of the brain that functions as a center for the coordination of skeletal
muscle movement.
Cerebrum: The largest, most complex part of the brain, consisting of the right and left
hemispheres, that controls muscular activity and receives sensory input
Cervix: The round, muscular neck, or bottom part, of the uterus
Chancre: A reddish sore at the place where a pathogen enters the body.
Chancroid: A bacterial infection resulting in chancres, An STD
Check, Call, Care: The Emergency Action Sequence followed by the American red Cross to
provide care to an unconscious victim
Child abuse: Physical harm, including sexual abuse, and/or emotional harm to children
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Chlamydia: A sexually transmitted disease that attacks the reproductive organs, caused by a
bacteria, curable, the most common STD
Cholesterol: Fatlike substance
Chromosomes: Tiny structures within the nuclei of cells, which carry genetic information.
Chronic Bronchitis: A condition in which the bronchi are irritated and become inflamed
Cirrhosis: Scarring, a condition of the liver in which scarring reduces blood flow in the liver
Clinical death: The cessation of a person’s body functions-heart stops
Clinical depression: A condition in which feelings of sadness and hopelessness last for more
than a few weeks and interfere with one’s daily activities and interests
Cocaine: a stimulant made from the coca plant, very addicting, speeds up the cardiovascular
and central nervous system
Codependency: Being overly concerned with other people’s behavior and problems and
feeling driven to fix and control those problems; behavior is dependent on the dysfunction of
another ex: scapegoat, enabler, mascot, lost child, family hero
Communicable diseases: Diseases caused by the direct or indirect spread of pathogens
(germs) from one person to another
Communication: A process through which messages are sent and received; openness among
family members, including displays of tenderness, warmth, and humor
Compression: applying force to a victim’s sternum to force the heart to circulate blood. The
compression to ventilation ratio for Adults, Children and Infants is 30:2
Compromise: A way of solving a problem in which each person gives up something in order
to find a solution that satisfies everyone
Compulsion: An urgent, repeated behavior
Condoms: A sheath made of either latex, animal skin or polyurethane place over an erect
penis to prevent pregnancy, 85-87% effective
Conflict: Any disagreement, struggle, or fight.
Conflict resolution: The process of ending a conflict by cooperating and problem-solving
together
Congenital: Existing at or dating from birth
Congenital syphilis: A condition in which a pregnant female who had syphilis transferred the
infection to her unborn child.
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Cooling down: Gradually decreasing activity after exercise in order to allow one’s pulse rate
to slow down
Date rape: Rape that occurs between two people who are familiar with one another, better
term – acquaintance rape
Decision: The act of making a choice or coming to a solution – decision making process
involves weighing the pros and cons of every option before deciding to act
Defense mechanisms: Strategies used to deal with stressful situations an example would be
denial.
Dendrites: The part of the neuron that receives and carries impulses toward the cell body
DepoProvera: An injection of female sex hormones taken every 3 months to prevent a
pregnancy, About 99.1% effective
Depressants: Sedatives; drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system, an
example is alcohol or barbituates (downers)
Designer drugs: Drugs made with synthetic substances by street chemists
Detoxification: The process of removing drugs from one’s body
Diaphragm: A muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavity
Diet: Everything a person eats and drinks
Digestion: The physical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller pieces
Dopamine: A neurotransmitter produced in the brain which helps us to feel happy/control
blood pressure and affect addiction
Drug: A dangerous and often illegal substance, including alcohol and tobacco
Ecstasy: MDMA- a designer drug consisting of a stimulant and a hallucinogen used in clubs
Embryo: A cluster of cells or blastocyst, that has implanted itself in the uterus
Enabling: Trying to protect the person having trouble with alcohol or drugs from facing the
consequences of his or her drug-related problems
Estrogen: A female hormone first released during puberty
Fallopian tubes: A pair of tubes through which a mature ovum travels; inside is only the width
of two strands of hair
FAST – the warning signs of stroke or cerebral vascular accident – Face, Arms, Speech, Time
–changes in any of these may indicate an impending stroke
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Fertilization: The union of an egg cell and a sperm cell that can occur only if sperm cells are
present when the ovum is in the Fallopian tube; conception
Fetal alcohol syndrome: A condition in which a fetus has been adversely affected by it’s
mother’s heavy alcohol use during pregnancy
Fetus: An embryo from the eighth week after conception to birth
First Aid: Emergency care; the immediate, temporary care given to a person who has become
sick or who has been injured
Genes: Small sections of chromosomes that control hereditary information for characteristics
GHB: An anabolic steroid found to cause a mind altering state when taken in higher doses; a
club/date rape drug because it causes the user unable to fight back, one capful is equivalent to
6 cups of alcohol
Glucose: a simple sugar formed in the body during digestion
Glycogen: The form in which carbohydrates are stored in the body
Gonorrhea: A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacteria; is curable
Hallucinogens: Psychedelics: drugs that alter mood, thought, and the senses, creating an out
of body experience; causes flashbacks. An example is PCP, LSD, Ecstasy, Mushrooms,
Peyote, Mescaline
Hashish: Dark brown resin collected from the tops of the cannabis plant
Health: The state of complete total physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Health education: The providing of health information so as to influence people to change
attitudes so that they take positive action about their health
Heart attack: A common way to refer to a number of disorders that involve the heart and blood
vessels, but in general occurs because the heart muscle cells are not getting the oxygen and
nutrients they need (myocardial infarction)
Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying substance found in red blood cells
Hepatitis: A serious inflammation of the liver that is most often caused by viral infection
(Hepatitis A, B, C, D) an also be caused by alcohol consumption
Heroin: A narcotic made from opium – the milky white substance found in the seed pod of the
poppy plant
Herpes (simplex type 2 virus: An STD in which a virus causes blisterlike sores, called genital
herpes in the genital area) (simplex type I virus usually referred to as a cold sore) Either can
occur on the mouth or genitals
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High blood pressure: Hypertension-the amount of pressure the heart must pump against in
order to circulate blood becomes elevated
Hormones: Body chemical produced by ductless glands that regulate the activity of different
body cells, the cause of physical and emotional changes
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The virus that attacks the body’s immune system and
leads to AIDS
Implantation: The process by which cells attach to the lining of the uterus
Inhalants: Substances with fumes that are sniffed and inhaled to give a hallucinogenic high
Insulin: A hormone produced in the pancreas that aids the body in converting glucose into
energy to be used by the cells
Integumentary system: the system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Intervention: The act of interrupting the addiction continuum before the alcoholic or addict
hits bottom
IUD: Intrauterine Device, a T shaped device implanted into the uterus to prevent implantation
of a fertilized egg, can be plastic or copper. Left in for years, 97-99% effective in preventing
pregnancy
Ketamine: an anesthetic agent used legally during surgery, used illegally to create a mind
altering state; a club drug/date rape drug because it renders the user unable to fight back,
amnesiac properties, aka special K
Kidneys: Organs that filter blood to remove harmful substances from the substances one’s
body can use
Leukoplakia: Thickened, white, leathery-appearing spots on the inside of a smokeless
tobacco user’s mouth
Lipids: Fatty substances that do not dissolve in water
Look alike drugs: Drugs made from legal/illegal substances to look like illegal drugs
Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that multiplies in lymph nodes and lymph tissue to
destroy invading pathogens
Lymphomas: Cancers that develop in blood-forming tissues and the lymphatic system
LSD: A hallucinogen, causes a distortion in the perception of reality
Mainstream smoke: Smoke that a smoker blows off
Malignant: Cancerous cell growth
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Manic-depressive disorder: A condition in which a person’s moods shift dramatically from
one emotional extreme to another for no apparent reason
Marijuana: A hemp plant that is smoked, eaten, or drunk for intoxicating effects
Melanoma: skin cancer
Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord resulting in
neurological changes and neck rigidity
Menopause: The cessation of a female’s menstrual cycle, usually occurs at mid-life
Menstrual cycle: The time from the beginning of one menstrual period to the onset of the next
Menstruation: The process of shedding the lining of the uterus
Metabolism: The sum total of all chemical reactions within a cell
Metastasis: The process of cancer cells spreading
Methadone: a drug used to treat heroin addiction, acts on same area of the brain to block
withdrawal from heroin
Methamphetamine: A stimulant that speeds up the cardiovascular and central nervous system
aka Crank, crystal ice, ice – very addicting
Narcotics: Drugs made from opium (milky substance derived from the seed pod of the poppy
plant), medicines used to relieve pain and induce sleep
Neurons: Nerve cells that are the functional and structural parts of the nervous system
Neutrophils: One type of phagocytes that is most actively involved in the process of
phagocytosis
Nicotine: The addictive drug in cigarettes that raises blood pressure and increases heart rate,
reaches the brain within 8 to 10 seconds from inhaling on a cigarette
Non-verbal communication: the act of sending messages through facial expressions and
body movements
Norplant: Six capsules placed under the skin to prevent a pregnancy, 99.1 % effective,
Discontinued
Nutrition: The science of looking at how the body uses nutrients and at how and why people
eat
Nutrient: Something needed by the body for proper function. Water is the most essential
nutrient. Also included: Protein, Sugar, Fats – Vitamins and minerals, (electrolytes) are cocatalysts for energy production and are also known as micronutrients
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Obesity: Excess body fat, 20% over a person’s ideal weight
Ovaries: Female sex glands that house the ova and produce females sex hormones
Ovulation: The process in which the ovaries release one mature ovum each month
Ovum: An egg cell
Parasite: Microorganism that uses a living plant or animal as a food supply
Passive: Giving up, giving in, or backing down without standing up for one’s own rights and
needs
Passive-aggressive personality disorder: A condition in which one is often uncooperative with
others and displays anger indirectly
Passive smoke: Cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke inhaled by nonsmokers
Pathogens: Tiny microorganisms that invade the body and attack its cells and tissues,
causing many common diseases.
Peer mediation: A process in which specially trained students help other students resolve
conflicts peacefully
Peer Pressure: The control and influence people of the same age or social group have over
one another
Peers: People one’s own age
Penis: The male external reproductive organ composed of spongy tissue that contains many
blood vessels
Phagocytosis: The process in which certain white blood cells surround and eat up invading
bacteria
Phobia: An extreme fear that causes a person to limit normal functioning to avoid the fear
Physical fitness: The ability to carry out daily tasks easily and have enough reserve energy to
respond to unexpected demands
Placebo: A substance that has no medicinal value, which is given for its psychological effect
Placenta; A blood-rich tissue developed from an outer layer of cells from the embryo and
tissue from the mother
Plaque: Fatty deposits that can build up along the inner lining of the arteries; on teeth-a
sticky, colorless film that acts on sugar to form acids that destroys tooth enamel and irritate
gums
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Platelets: The smallest parts of the blood; crucial to clotting of the blood
PMA: A look-alike drug to MDMA, has similar effects but can be deadly in slightly higher
doses
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): An opportunistic infection associated with AIDS
Poison: Any substance that causes injury, illness, or death when introduced into the body
Poison control center: A center that one can call for information about what to do when
someone has ingested a poison
Post-traumatic stress disorder: A conditon in which a person who has experienced a
traumatic event feels severe and long-lasting aftereffects
Precaution: A planned, preventive action taken before an event to increase the chances of a
safe outcome
Pressure-point technique: Method used to stop bleeding by applying pressure to the main
artery supplying blood to the affected limb
Prevention: The act of practicing healthy habits to keep oneself well and free from disease
and other ailments
Progesterone: A female hormone first released during puberty
Proof: refers to the percentage of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage: 40% alcohol – 80 proof
Proteins: A vital part of every body cell
Psychoactive drug: Drugs that affect the central nervous system and alter normal functioning
of the brain
Psychological dependence: The belief that one needs a drug in order to feel good or function
normally
Psychosomatic: Involving both the body and the mind
Puberty: The beginning of adolescence; the period of time when males and females become
physically able to reproduce
Pubic lice: AKA crabs-a parasite that lives on the hair of the genitals, lays eggs in nits close to
hair follicle, size of a sesame seed, pearl gray to brown in color
Pulmonary emphysema: A condition in which the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which
oxygen is absorbed into the body, are destroyed
Rabies: A viral infection of the brain and spinal cord transmitted to humans through the bite
of an infected animal
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Rape: Sexual intercourse by FORCE OR THREAT, without consent
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Guidelines for the amounts of 19 essential
nutrients that most people need daily and for calories and estimated intake for seven other
vitamins and minerals.
Refusal skills: Techniques and strategies that help one say no effectively.
Rescue breathing: The process of providing oxygen for a victim who has stopped breathing
Risk Factor: A characteristic that has been shown to increase the chances of getting heart
disease.
Rohypnol – a sedative hypnotic used in clubs and as a date rape drug, aka roofies
Sarcomas: Cancers that develop in connective and supportive tissues, such as bones,
muscles, and tendons.
Scabies: A parasite considered a sexually transmitted disease, a mite that burrows under the
skin to lay eggs
Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder in which one exhibits abnormal emotional responses
or no emotional responses. A break with reality whereby a person will exhibit psychotic
behavior
Scrotum: A sac outside the male’s body that contains the testes and protects sperm by
regulating the temperature of the testes
Secondary sex characteristics: Body hair and the development of breasts in the female and
muscles in the male
Self-actualization: The continuing process of striving to develop one’s capabilities to their
fullest
Self-esteem: The confidence and worth one feels about oneself; influences everything you do,
think, feel and are.
Semen: A mixture of fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and Cowper’s
glands combined with sperm; seminal fluid
Serotonin: A neurotransmitter (chemical) in the brain which helps us feel happy
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD): A communicable disease that is spread from person to
person through sexual contact
Shock: The failure of the cardiovascular system to keep adequate blood circulating to the vital
organs of the body.
Side stream smoke: Smoke that comes from burning tobacco
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Smoking: Refers to the habit of inhaling cigarette smoke, 4800 chemicals are in a cigarette,
400 of which are known poisons and 80 of them are known to cause cancer; each day 4000
teens try a cigarette for the first time, 1000 of them will become regular smokers; 1 in 3 will die
from smoking; 1 in 5 adults in this country smoke
Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles located in such places as intestines and blood vessels
Sperm: The male sex cell; contains 23 chromosomes, 400-600 million released with each
ejaculation
Sprain: An injury to soft tissues surrounding a joint
Stereotype: An exaggerated and oversimplified belief about an entire group, such as an ethnic
group, a religious group, or a certain sex
Stimulant: A drug that increases the action of the central nervous system, the heart,
respiratory rates, and blood pressure, and causes the pupils to dilate and appetite to decrease
Stress: The body’s and mind’s reactions to everyday demands
Stressor: A stimulus that produces a stress response
Stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is cut off, and as a result,
the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot function.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – SIDS- death of an infant under 1 year of age after the child is
put to sleep, no known reason, but some children more at risk- children around smoking, born
premature and low birth weight
Surgical Sterlization: A vasectomy - cutting of the vas deferens or tubal ligation, tying off the
fallopian tubes 99.9% effective in preventing pregnancy
Synergistic effect: The interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect
than when the medicines are taken independently.
Syphilis: A sexually transmitted disease that attacks many parts of the body, caused by a
bacteria, is curable, can result in several stages of disease. 1st- painless chancre, 2nd –
generalized rash, aches, fever, malaise, 3rd- affects the central nervous system.
Tar: A thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco burns
T cells: Lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow that travel to the thymus gland where they
mature, then fight specific pathogens.
Teen Pregnancy: Only 1 in 3 will graduate high school, 80% live in poverty with their child,
Approximately 750,000 teens will get pregnant, ½ will end in alive birth, the remaining 50% - ½
will miscarry and ½ will have an abortion.
Testes: Two small glands that produce sperm; testicles
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Testosterone: A male hormone that causes the testes to produce sperm and is responsible for
phsycial changes during puberty.
Tobacco: A plant grown and cultivated in this country – used in cigarettes, pipes, and
chewing tobacco; contains the stimulant nicotine
Tolerance: A condition in which the body becomes used to the effects of a medicine or drug.
Trachea: The windpipe
Type I diabetes: Diabetes that usually occurs in people under 15 years of age and that
requires daily injections of insulin to sustain life
Type II Diabetes: Diabetes that usually occurs in adults over 40 years of age and can often be
controlled by diet and exercise.
Ulcer: An open sore on the skin or in the mucous glands
Umbilical cord: Cord that connects the embryo to the placenta through which nutrients and
oxygen from the mother are carried through blood vessels to the embryo and waste products
from the embryo are carried to the mother
Vagina: A muscular, very elastic tube in the female that is a passageway from the uterus to
the outside of the body; the birth canal
Veins: The vessels that carry the blood back to the heart
Viruses: Small, simple life-like forms
Withdrawal: A physical reaction that occurs when a person stops taking a drug or medicine
on which he or she is physiologically dependent OR removal of the penis during intercourse
Xiphoid process: The lower part of the sternum that projects downward
Zygote: A fertilized egg cell
Health: A Guide to Wellness, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Fifth Edition,