Download Basic Structure of Amino acid

#: ___ Scientist’s Name: __________________
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2. Describe the biochemical basis of life and explain how energy flows within and between the living
systems.
d.
Compare and contrast the structure, properties, and principle functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids in living organisms. (DOK 2)
 Basic chemical composition of each group
 Building components of each group (e.g., amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, etc.)
 Basic functions (e.g., energy, storage, cellular, heredity) of each group
e. Examine the life processes to conclude the role enzymes play in regulating biochemical reactions. (DOK 2)
 Enzyme structure
 Enzyme function, including enzyme-substrate specificity and factors that affect enzyme function (pH and
temperature)
Section 5 – DaBook; Chapter 6 - Textbook
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Biochemistry of Cells PowerPoint Notes
1. What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?
2. Approximately how much water makes up the cells of organisms?
3. ___________ is known as the universal solvent.
4. List 4 properties of water that make it so useful to organisms.
5. Besides water, what other substance makes up most of the cell?
6. ___ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
7. Carbon has ____ outer electrons so it can form ____ bonds by sharing these electrons.
8. Carbon & hydrogen make up compounds called ____.
9. Sketch a simple hydrocarbon with the formula CH4.
10. Carbon skeletons may be straight _____, ____ chains, or ___ structures.
11. Hydrocarbons in ____ supply our bodies with energy.
12. The ____ of an organic molecule determines its function.
13. ____ groups give different properties to the organic compound to which they attach.
14. Write the formula for the following functional groups:
a. Hydroxyl
b. Carbonyl
c. Carboxyl
d. Amino
15. Give examples of organic compounds that contain each of the functional groups from
question 14.
16. Large organic molecules are called _____.
17. Polymers are built from smaller subunits called ____.
18. Biologists call polymers _____.
19. Name 4 examples of polymers found in living things.
20. Monomers linked together are called ____.
21. The process of linking monomers together is called ____.
22. Dehydration synthesis links small molecules or monomers together by removing
molecules of _____.
23. Name the process used to break down large polymers into smaller monomers.
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24. Hydrolysis involves ____ a molecule of water in order to break bonds.
25. Name some foods that contain lots of carbohydrates.
26. ____ are simple sugars.
27. Name 3 monosaccharides & give their chemical formula.
28. Monosaccharides are called hexose sugars because they contain 6 ____.
29. ____ is the simple sugar made by plants, ____ is the sugar found in fruits, while ____ is
known as “milk sugar”. Sugars have an _____ ending.
30. What are isomers?
31. Name 2 isomers.
32. What does aqueous mean?
33. What happens to simple sugars, monosaccharides, when they are put into aqueous
solutions inside cells?
34. ____ serve as fuel for cells. Saccharide means _____.
35. What is a double sugar called?
36. How are disaccharides formed? Name the BOND that joins them together.
37. Name 3 disaccharides.
38. Name the simple sugars that make up each of these disaccharides:
a. Sucrose
b. Maltose
c. Lactose
39. Complex carbohydrates are called ____ & are made of chains of ____.
40. Name 3 examples of polysaccharides and tell the shape of each.
41. Plants store carbohydrate energy as ____.
42. Name some starchy foods.
43. Animals store their carbohydrate energy as ____.
44. Both starch & glycogen are made of monomers of ____ or glucose.
45. Describe cellulose fibers & tell where in plants it is found.
46. Cellulose makes up ____ in plants and serves as dietary ____ in animals.
47. How are cows able to digest cellulose?
48. Since sugars dissolve in water, they are said to be ____ or water-loving. What functional
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group makes them water soluble?
49. Lipids are hydrophobic. What does this mean?
50. Name 4 examples of lipids and then give 3 functions for lipids in the body.
51. If the bonds between carbons in a fatty acid are all single bonds, the fatty acid is_____.
Sketch a saturated fatty acid.
52. If there is a double bond between carbons in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is __. Sketch an
unsaturated fatty acid.
53. _____ are the monomers that make up lipids or fats.
54. Triglycerides are made of an alcohol called ___ and 3 ____ acid chains.
55. _____ forms the backbone of the fat. Sketch glycerol.
56. Saturated fatty acids are_____ at room temperature and include ____,
margarine, and_____.
57. Unsaturated fats in plants exist as ________ or oils at room temperature.
58. (a) What process links the 3 fatty acid chains to the glycerol in lipids?
(b) What lipids are in cell membranes?
(c) Sketch and label a phospholipid.
(d) Phospholipid heads are ____ and attract water, while the 2 tails are ____ and repel
water.
59. Lipids called ____ are made of four, fused rings of carbon.
60. Name 3 steroids found in organisms.
61. Proteins are polymers made of monomers called _____.
62. How many different amino acids are there?
63. Give 3 jobs for proteins in cells.
64. What four things are bonded to the central carbon of every amino acid?
65. Sketch the structure of an amino acid & label the attached groups.
66. Amino acids are linked together by ____ synthesis and held together by ___ bonds.
67. Many proteins act as ____ or biological catalysts.
68. Cells have ____ of enzymes which may ____ chemical bonds and ____ the amount of
activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.
69. Enzymes have what shape?
70. Substrates attach to an enzyme at its _____ site. When a substrate attaches to the
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active site the active site changes ____. This is called ____ fit.
71. Can enzymes be reused?
72. The linear sequence of amino acids (chain) is the ____ structure of a protein.
73. Protein chains are called ___.
74. Secondary protein structures occur when proteins ____ or ____.
75. When polypeptides join together, the ____ groups interact with each other forming the
____ structure of a protein forms.
76. Proteins take on a ____ shape in the watery environment inside a cell. This is known as
their ____ structure. Protein shape is also known as protein _____.
77. Denaturing a protein involves changing its ____ so it no longer works.
78. Name 2 things that denature proteins.
79. (a) What causes sickle cell anemia (disease)?
(b) What is the function of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells?
(c) What protein controls blood sugar level?
(d) Insulin causes excess sugar to be stored in the ____ as ____.
(e) Proteins in the cell membrane that help cells recognize similar cells are called ___
proteins.
80. ____ acids store hereditary information for making all of the body’s ____.
81. Name the 2 types of nucleic acids.
82. What are the monomers for nucleic acids? Sketch a nucleotide.
83. Name the 4 bases on DNA.
84. What 2 things make up the sides of DNA?
85. DNA is ___ stranded & coiled to make a shape called the double ____.
86. RNA has __________ sugar instead of DEOXYRIBOSE sugar on DNA
87. RNA is a _____________ stranded molecule unlike double stranded DNA.
88. On RNA, the base ______________ replaces thymine.
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Biochemistry Review
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose ALL the answers that are TRUE. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.
89. NO other kind of atom can form the number and variety of molecules that ___ can because it can bond to 4 other atoms at
the same time to make carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
A. hydrogen
B. oxygen
C. carbon
D. sodium
90. A ___ is made up of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.
A. amino acid B. nucleotide
C. phospholipid D. glycoprotein
91. Circle the nitrogen base found in DNA but NOT RNA is ___ Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
92. Lipids are different from other macromolecules because they ___
A. are hydrophobic and don’t dissolve in water
B. contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
C. dissolve easily in water
D. form large protein molecules
E. are hydrophilic
93. Glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all ____.
A. proteins
B. polysaccharides
C. nucleic acids
D. lipids
E. phospholipids
94. Which 2 kinds of molecules combine to form cell membranes?
A. nucleic acids and carbohydrates
B. phospholipids and proteins
C. carbohydrates and nucleic acids
D. polysaccharides and RNA
95. Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are all ___.
A. amino acids used to make proteins
B. carbohydrates used to make polysaccharides
C. lipids used to make phospholipids
D. nitrogen bases used to make nucleotides
96. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is NON-POLAR & HYDROPHOBIC?
A. the lipid “tails”
B. the glycerol/phosphate “head”
97. This molecule is a(n) ___
A. nucleic acid
B. amino acid
C. phospholipid
D. carbohydrate
98. This molecule is ___
A. insulin
B. hemoglobin
C. glucose
D. a phospholipid
E. ATP
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MATCH THE MOLECULE WITH THE SUBUNIT THAT BUILDS IT:
99. ________ POLYSACCHARIDES
100. ________ NUCLEIC ACIDS
101. ________ PROTEINS
A
B
C
TRUE or FALSE
T if the statement is TRUE
F if the statement in FALSE and use the blank provided to correct the underlined word/phrase.
___ 102. The 20 different polysaccharides used to make proteins differ in what is attached in their R group position.
___ 103. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that makes plants sturdy.
___ 104. One function of proteins is to provide insulation.
___ 105. People with diabetes can’t make hemoglobin to control their blood sugar.
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
___ 106. made by joining amino acid subunits in long chains which provide a wide variety of functions in cells
___ 107. made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
___ 108. made from nucleotide subunits which store and carry information
___ 109. Hydrophobic fats, oils, waxes, & steroids made mainly from carbon & hydrogen atoms in long chains or multiple
rings
110.
KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES
# of SUGARS it contains
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES
MONOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
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111.
MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
GIVE SOME FUNCTIONS OF EACH
1.
2.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
1.
2.
1.
LIPIDS
2.
3.
1.
PROTEINS
2.
3.
4.
5.
112.
COMPARE NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA
RNA
Is it Single/double stranded?
Which Nitrogen bases does it contain?
Which Sugar does it contain?
Function(s)?
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NAME THE MOLELCULE DESCRIBED BELOW:
113.
Protein hormone that tells animal cells to store blood glucose as glycogen
114.
Double stranded nucleic acid made from nucleotides subunits containing A, T, G,
and C that stores genetic info in cells
115.
Protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body
116.
Membrane protein with carbohydrates attached that helps cells identify “self”
and plays a role in blood types, organ transplants, and germ recognition
117.
Macromolecule with a polar glycerol/phosphate “head” and 2 non-polar
hydrophobic “tails” used to make cell membranes
118.
Single stranded nucleic acid made from nucleotide subunits
119.
Contains A, U, C, and G which carries information from the DNA to the cell for
protein synthesis
120.
Storage form of glucose used by plant cells
121.
Storage form of glucose used by animal cells
122.
Structural polysaccharide made from glucose subunits that makes plants sturdy
123.
Nucleotide subunit made from ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphates which
stores and transports ENERGY in cells
124.
Polar molecule made from 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms that is required by all
living things
ENZYMES
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the answer(s) that correctly complete the sentence.
125. Reactants in an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction are called ___.
A. polymers
B. products
C. substrates
D. organics
126. Macromolecule that can act as enzymes are ___.
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. proteins
127.Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _________________________.
A. decreasing the activation energy
C. making more hydrogen bonds
B. increasing the activation energy
D. changing the pH of the solution
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128. Proteins (like enzymes) unwind or ____ when placed in extreme pH or temperature conditions.
A. desensitize
B. polymerize
C. depolarize
D. denature
129. Enzymes are ____.
A. used up during chemical reactions
B. unchanged during chemical reactions and reusable
MATCH EACH COMPONENT IN THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION BELOW WITH ITS NAME BY WRITING THE
LETTER ON THE LINE PROVIDED.
130. _____ PRODUCTS
131. _____ SUBSTRATE
132. _____ ACTIVE SITE
133. _____ ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
134. _____ ENZYME
135. Name two (2) environmental conditions that can cause proteins (enzymes) to change their shape.
136. Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How does
changing an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all?
137. DNA polymerase is a molecule found in all cells. Judging by its name, do you think it is an enzyme? YES NO
HOW CAN YOU TELL?
Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be
classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds. Organic
compounds are made primarily of carbon. Carbon has four outer electrons and can form
four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other
carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also
contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds.
Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic molecule called a
macromolecule. There are four classes of macromolecules (polysaccharides or
carbohydrates, triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or proteins, and nucleic acids such as
DNA & RNA). Carbohydrates and lipids are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(CHO). Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). Nucleic
acids such as DNA and RNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
(CHON P).
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The body also needs trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium, and
sulfur for proper functioning of muscles, nerves, etc. Color each of the elements on the
next page according to the color listed next to the element's symbol. Then color-code the
squirrel with the correct proportion of each element's color. Now color-code the carrot
with the same colors as you used on the squirrel.
The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as
polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratios. This gives each compound different
properties.
Carbohydrates are used by the body for energy and structural support in cell walls of
plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits
called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio. Monosaccharides or simple sugars include glucose, galactose, and fructose.
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Although their chemical formulas are the same, they have different structural formulas.
These simple sugars combine to make disaccharides (double sugars like sucrose) and
polysaccharides (long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen). Color-code the glucose
molecule on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen-yellow, and oxygen-red). Use your
textbook to help draw the structural formulas for fructose and galactose:
Fructose:
Galactose:
Use the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are in a
single molecule.
#C __________
# H __________
# O __________
Glucose
O
H
C
H
H
C
H
O
H
H
C
H
O
C
O
C
H
H
H
O
H
C
O
H
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Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids and are used to build cells and do much of
the work inside organisms. They also act as enzymes helping to control metabolic
reactions in organisms. Amino acids contain two functional groups, the carboxyl group (COOH) and the amino group (-NH2).
Use your textbook and sketch the amino and carboxyl groups.
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Color-code the amino acid on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen-yellow, nitrogenblue, and oxygen-red).
Basic Structure of Amino acid
H
H
N
H
C
R group
O
C
H
Use the above drawing of the amino acid (remember that the NUMBER OF LINES
from a single atom is their NUMBER OF BONDS) to determine the number of bonds formed
by:
______ Oxygen
_______Hydrogen
_______ Nitrogen
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of
different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a
specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be
catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc. change
the shape of enzymes and their active sites so the enzyme is unable to work. Some
enzymes have a second site where a coenzyme attaches to help make the substrate better
fit the active site of the enzyme. Color the enzyme purple, the substrate yellow, and the
coenzyme green. Also color the active site red.
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Condensation (removal of a water molecule) links amino acids link together to form chains
called polypeptides. Polypeptide chains join to form proteins. The bonds holding amino
acids to each other are known as peptide bonds. Use your textbook to make a sketch of a
dipeptide (2 amino acids linked with a peptide bond) molecule.
Dipeptide Sketch:
Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make
up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments
(chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen
atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains. This subunit is
called a triglyceride. Color the glycerol molecule using the same colors for carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen as you did before. The fatty acid chains may be saturated (only
single bonds between carbons) or unsaturated (contain at least one double bond). A
carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid that does NOT
attach to glycerol. CIRCLE AND LABEL the carboxyl groups in the 2 fatty acids on this
worksheet. Color the fatty acid chains the same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
as you did before. A special type of lipid called phospholipids help make up the cell
membrane. Two layers of these phospholipids make up the membrane. Phospholipids
have a "water-loving" hydrophilic head and two "water-fearing" hydrophobic tails. Find the
cell membrane on this sheet and CIRCLE AND LABEL a phospholipid. Proteins are also
embedded in the cell membrane. Color the two proteins in the cell membrane blue.
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Glycerol
H
H
C
O
H
H
C
O
H
H
C
O
H
H
Saturated fatty Acid
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
O
H
Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Double Bond
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
O
H
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Cell Membrane
Nucleic acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid
contains all the instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing. RNA copies
and transfers this genetic information so that proteins can be made. The subunits that
make up nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
COLOR AND LABEL the parts of a nucleotide --- sugar (5-sided)-green, phosphate group
(round)-yellow, and nitrogen base (6-sided)-blue. ATP used for cellular energy is a highenergy nucleotide with three phosphate groups. Color-code the ATP and LABEL THE
PHOSPHATES.
Nucleotide
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ATP
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