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Transcript
World War I: Summary Causes of World War I: Nationalism Alliances Militarism Expansion (Imperialism) Powder Keg: June 28th, 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sophie of Austria by the Black Hand- a Serbian Nationalist group The Triple Entente (Allies): Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, United States The Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Italy was originally part of the Triple Alliance, then joined the Allies when promised land The Schlieffen Plan: German plan for a two-front war. Quick attack on France, then Russia. Speed was essential. Invaded through Belgium. First Battle of the Marne-Sept. 1914 Allies defeated the Germans, left Schlieffen Plan ineffective. Western Front to stalemate. Trench Warfare: 1915, parallel lines along Western Frontseparated by “no man’s land” Battle of Verdun and Battle of Somme-1916 Horrible loss of life Verdun- French and Germans each lost over 300,000 men Somme- over half a million casualties Russia and the Eastern Front: Russians were able to tie up German forces. Russia wasn’t industrialized, difficult to get supplies. Balkan Front: 1915 Allies wanted Istanbul (Constantinople)Gallipoli Plan failed T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) British- helped Arab nationalists rise up against the Turks United States in WWI:1917 Many Americans had been pushing for isolationism Lusitania May 7, 1915 German’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare. Sunk passenger ship- 128 Americans killed Zimmerman Telegram Interception of telegram from Germany’s foreign secretary- Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” land in US if helped Germany April 2nd, 1917- US enters WWI on side of Allies Total War: propaganda, rationing, employment of entire population Russia Withdraws: March 1917 Czar Nicholas Abdicates Provisional GovernmentStayed in WWI, populace unhappy Lenin: November 1917 Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seized power. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- March 1918 Between Russia and Germany- ended war, Russia lost land Allied Victory US reinforcements help the Allies Second Battle of the Marne: July 1918 Use of tanks GermanyKaiser Wilhelm II abdicates, Weimer Republic sues for peace- November 11th, 1918 Paris Peace Conference The Big FourWoodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Wilson’s Fourteen Points: Wants a just and lasting peace. Pushed for selfdetermination, free trade, reduction of armies/navies, and LEAGUE of NATIONS Treaty of Versailles Punishment of Germany- “War Guilt Clause” Creation of Mandates (British: Transjordan, Palestine= French: Syria and Lebanon) Shortcomings of the Treaty of Versailles US rejected the treaty-isolationism Bitterness in Germany Mandate System just disguised European Colonialism Japan and Italy- didn’t gain as much land as expected